APUSH vocab 1 Flashcards
Southwest settlements
Hohokam, Anasazi, and Pueblos evolved multifaceted societies. The spread of Maize cultivation into this region from mexico prompted economic growth and the development of irrigation systems. The additional wealth allowed for more complex society.
Northwest Settlement
lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. They had a rich diet based on hunting, fishing, and gathering nuts, berries, and roots
Great Plains cultures
They developed a mobile way of living. Nomadic tribes survived on hunting, principally the buffalo, which supplied their food as well as decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing. They lived in tepees, and they raised maize, beans, and squash while actively trading with other tribes.
Mississippi river valley culture
They were supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture, people established permanent settlements in the Mississippi and ohio river valleys and elsewhere. Famous for its large earthen mounds, some of 300 ft long.
Cahokia
One of the largest settlements in the Midwest with as many as 30,000 inhabitants.
Northeast Settlements
Their culture combined hunting and farming. Their farming exhausted the soil fast which caused them to frequently move to new land. Family members connected through the mothers lineage lived together in a 200ft longhouse. Formed a powerful political union called the Iroquois Confederation.
Iroquois Confederation
From the 16th century through the American Revolution, this powerful union battled rival american Indians as well as Europeans.
Atlantic Seaboard settlements
In the area from New Jersey south to Florida lived the people of the Coastal Plains such as the Cherokee and the Lumbee. Many were descendants of the Woodland mound builders and built timber and bark lodgings along rivers. The rivers and the Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food.
Ferdinand and Isabella/the Reconquista
Two of the largest kingdoms united when Isabella, queen of castile, and Ferdinand, king of Aragon, married in 1469. In 1492, under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand, the Spanish conquered the last Moorish stronghold in spain, the city of Granada. That year they also funded Christopher Columbus’s historical first voyage.
Christopher Columbus
On his voyage to find a more efficient way to asia, he accidentally found the new world.
Protestant Reformation
In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. Conflicts between Catholics and Protestants led to a series of religious wars that resulted in many millions of deaths in the 16th and 17th centuries. Also began the idea of spreading their own version of Christianity to people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
Prince Henry the Navigator
sponsored a voyage of exploration that eventually succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope to get to the rich trade in Asia.
Treaty of Tordesillas
In 1494, Spain and Portugal moved the pope’s line a few degrees to the west and signed an agreement. The line passed through what is now the country of Brazil. This treaty, along with Portuguese explorations, established Portugal’s claim to Brazil.
Columbian Exchange
Transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time. These exchanges, biological and cultural, permanently changed the entire world.
capitalism
An economic system in which control of capital (money and machinery) became more important than control of land. As trade increased, commerce became increasingly important, and political power shifted from large landowners to wealthy merchants.
Joint-stock Company
To finance trade voyages more safely, Europeans developed a new type of enterprise. If a voyage failed, investors lost only what they had invested. By reducing individual risk, joint-stock companies encouraged investment, thereby promoting economic growth.
Encomienda system
To control Indians, the spanish king granted natives who lived on a tract of land to individual spaniards. These Indians were forced to farm or work in the mines. The fruits of their labor went to the Spanish, who in turn had to “care” for the Indians.
Middle Passage
Before the transatlantic slave trade ended in the late 1800s, slave traders sent between 10 million and 15 million enslaved people from Africa. Between 10 percent and 15 percent died on the voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
Spanish Caste System
Many of the men in the Spanish colonies had children with Native or African women which caused mixed heritage. In response, the Spanish developed a caste system that defined the status of people in the colonies by their heritage. At the top were pure-blooded Spaniards. The middle were the people that were a mix of either African or native American and European blood. at the bottom were people of pure Indian or Black heritage.
Bartolome de Las Casas
European who dissented from the views of most Europeans toward Native Americans. Though he had owned land and slaves in the West Indies and had fought in wars against the Indians, he eventually became an advocate for better treatment for Indians. He persuaded the king to institute the New Laws of 1542. These laws ended indian slavery, halted forced indian labor, and began to end the encomienda system that kept the indians in serfom.
Juan Gines de Sepulveda
He argues that indians were less than human. hence, they benefitted from serving the spaniards in the encomienda system.
corporate colonies
operated by joint-stock companies
royal colonies
under the direct authority and rule of the king’s government
proprietary colonies
under the authority of individuals granted charters of ownership by the king.
Jamestown, 1607
King James I chartered the Virginia Company, a joint-stock company that founded the first permanent English colony in America.
Captain John Smith
Leader of Jamestown and got it through the first 5 years.
headright system
To recruit white settlers, Virginia provided 50 acres of land, called a headright, to any settler or to anyone who paid for Europeans to move to Virginia, it mostly aided landowners who added to their holdings by sponsoring indentured servants.
Plymouth colony/ separatists (pilgrims)
the separatists wanted to organize a completely seperate church that was independent of royal control. Several hundred seperatists left england for Holland in search of religous freedom. Because of their travels, they became known as pilgrims.
Massachusetts Bay colony
A group of more moderate dissenters, called puritans, believed that the church of England could be reformed, or purified. The persecution of Puritans led by John Winthrop sailed for Massachusetts and founded Boston. Religous and Political conflict in England in the 1630s drove some 15,000 settlers to the Massachusetts bay colony-a movement known as the Great Migration.
John Winthrop
Led thousands of puritans to Massachusetts and founded Boston.
Great Migration
Religious and Political conflict in England in the 1630s drove 15,000 settlers to Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Cecil Calvert (Lord Baltimore)
In control of the knew colony, Maryland because he was a noble Catholic and devoted himself to the king. Maryland was the first proprietary colony. The king expected proprietors to carry out his wishes faithfully, thus giving him control.
Maryland Act of Toleration
To avoid persecution in England, several wealthy Catholics emigrated to Maryland and established plantations. However they were quickly outnumbered by protestant farmers who held a majority in Maryland’s assembly.
New England
Made up of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire
Roger Williams
He believed that the individuals conscience was beyond the control of any civil or church authority. His teachings placed him in conflict with other puritan leaders, who ordered his banishment. Leaving Boston, he fled southward to Narragansett Bay, where he and a few followers founded the community of providence in 1636, and he started one of the first Baptist churches in America.
Anne Hutchinson
She believed in antinomianism- the idea that since individuals receive salvation through their faith alone, they were not required to follow traditional moral laws. Banished from the Bay colony, Hutchinson and her followers founded Portsmouth in 1638.
halfway covenant
To maintain the church’s influence and membership, this was offered by some clergy so that people could become partial members even if they had not felt a conversion.
William Penn
Joined a group of Christians who called themselves the Religious Society of Friends. Commonly known as Quakers, they were considered radical by most people in Britain and the Colonies. He hoped his colony would provide a religious refuge for Quakers and other persecuted people as well as generate income and profits for himself.
Quakers
They believed that religious authority was found within each person and not in the Bible nor in any outside source. This led them to support equality among all me and women and to authority, the Quakers of England were persecuted and jailed for their beliefs.
James Oglethorpe
founded savannah (Georgia) in 1733. The colonies first governor put into effect a plan for making the colony thrive. There were strict regulations, including bans on drinking rum and slavery. Nevertheless, partly because of the constant threat of Spanish attack, the colony did not prosper.
Virginia House of Burgesses
In 1619 Virginia’s colonists organized the first representative assembly in America. It was dominated by elite planters.
Mayflower Compact
Aboard the Mayflower in 1620, the Pilgrims drew up and signed a document in which they pledged to make decisions by the will of the majority. This was an early form of self-government and a rudimentary written constitution.
triangular trade
merchants regularly followed a triangular, or three-part, route, that connected North America, Africa and Europe in various ways.
mercantilism
the economic theory that a country’s wealth was determined by how much more it exported than imported. Hence, governments tried to promote the sales of goods to other countries and to discourage purchases through tariffs.
Navigation Acts
Trade to and from the colonies could be carried only by english or colonial-built ships, operated only by english or colonial crews. All goods imported into the colonies, except for some perishable, had to pass through ports in England. Specified or “enumerated” goods from the colonies could be exported to England only. Tobacco was the original “enumerated” good, but over the years, the list was greatly expanded.
Dominion of New England
King James II combined New York, New Jersey, and the various New England colonies into…
Glorious Revolution
Succeeded in deposing James and replacing him with William and Mary. James’s fall from power brought the dominion of New England to and end, and the colonies again operated under separate charters.
Metcom’s War
disastrous attempt by native american faux-alliance to regain dominance over tribal lands.
Bacon’s Rebellion
an uprising that took place in Colonial Virginia in 1676. Nathanial Bacon and his army of farmers, indentured servants, and slaves attacked Jamestown and demanded the governor’s resignation.
Pueblo Revolt
a revolution against Spanish religious, economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos. It is the only successful Native uprising against a colonizing power in North America.
First great Awakening
a period of religious revival promoted by religious leaders such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards
Jonathan Edwards
He was an intellectual pastor and philosophical theologian that lived in Northampton, Massachusetts. Significance: He ignited the Great Awakening.
George Whitefield
He was an English parson who loosed a different style of evangelical preaching.
Ben Franklin
The most popular writer and most famous for “Poor Richard’s Almanack”, a bestselling book that was annually revised from 1732-1757.
Phillis Wheatley
born in west africa, enslaved, and living in boston when she published a collection of her poems in 1733.
John Peter Zenger
A new York publisher, was tried on a charge of libelously criticizing New York’s royal governor.
Enlightenment
an eighteenth-century movement in Western philosophy
