Vocab Set 1 Flashcards
Treaty of Paris (1763)
Ended the French and Indian War and marked the beginning of British dominance in North America
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Ended the American Revolution by guaranteeing American independence
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Ended the War of 1812, essentially declaring it a stalemate
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1948)
Ended the Mexican-American War; United States gained California, Utah, Nevada, and parts of other states
Treaty of Versailles (1919)
Ended WWI and required that Germany pay extensive war reparations (fines) to certain Allies
Paris Peace Accords (1973)
Ended the Vietnam War; the United States declared neither victory nor defeat
The Armory Show (1913)
International exhibit of modern art in NY; sought to create enthusiasm for the “moderns” of Postimpressionism, Fauvism, Futurism, and Cubism
Harlem Renaissance (1919-1930s)
Flourishing of the arts in Harlem; watershed moment for the African American community as musicians, poets, novelists, artists, photographers, sculptors, and activists made permanent marks on American culture
Henry Adams
Critic of the Gilded age who saw urbanization as a disease; descendant of John Adams
Thomas Nast
cartoonist who brought down Boss Tweed
Emma Lazarus
Author of the “Give me your hungry, sick, poor” etc. on the Statue of Liberty
John Roebling
Built the Brooklyn Bridge
Elisha Otis
Invented the elevator
Frederick Law Olmstead
Designed Central Park
Jacob Riis
Photo-journalist; author of “How the Other Half Lives” during the Gilded Age exposing the conditions of the poor
Tenement Law (1879)
Mandated that every room in an apartment have an outside window and that buildings meet plumbing and ventilation standards; led to the dumbbell tenement
Dumbbell tenement
During the Gilded Age; when buildings were designed to conform to the standards of the Tenement Law while cramming the largest number of people into the smallest amount of space
Linotype machine (1885)
invented during the Gilded Age; allowed printers to quickly create type for printing, greatly reducing the cost of producing newspapers and magazines
Homestead strike (1892)
strike against the Carnegie Steel Company that was broken up by private Pinkerton guards (labor spies); thorough defeat for the workers; huge setback for union activity in the steel industry
Yellow-dog contracts
mandated that employees agree not to join unions
Industrial Workers of the World
radical socialist/anarchist union group during the industrial age
Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)
the largest group pushing for temperance during the Gilded Age
Anthony Comstock
most well-known crusader against gambling, prostitution, birth control, divorce rates, and obscenity during the Guilded Age
Comstock Law (1873)
made it illegal to send anything deemed “obscene” through the mail (including info about birth control)
American Railway Union
industrial union founded by Eugene Debs that was associated with the Pullman Strike
Style of literature during the Gilded Age
realism versus the sentimental literature of the antebellum period
William Dean Howells
Gilded Age; author of “A Hazard of New Fortunes” (1885) (wrote about the plight of factory workers
Henry James
author during the Gilded Age; wrote about upper class life in “The Bostonians” (1886)
Edward Bellamy
Gilded Age; author of “Looking Backward: 2000-1887” that imagined the development of a socialist government that solved all industrial problems
Edith Wharton
exposed the foibles of the upper class in “The House of Mirth” (1905); Gilded age author
Willa Cather
Gilded Age author who portrayed life on the plains in “O Pioneers” (1913) and “My Antonia” (1918)
Thomas Eakins
Important realist artist during the Gilded Age
Winslow Homer
Another important realist artist during the Gilded Age
Ashcan school of painting
style of painting that developed during the Gilded Age that directly represented urban poverty
Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst
yellow journalists during the Gilded Age; this style of writing is cited as a cause of the Spanish-American War
Charles Graham Sumner
wrote about Social Darwinism
Art Nouveau (1890-1914)
means “New Art” in French; dynamic curving lines and sometimes bold color choices
Art Deco (1920s-1930s)
Enormously popular style of art and architecture; symbolizes 1920s America; embraced elegant geometric forms; the Chrysler Building is a prominent example
Panic of 1819
Caused by heavy borrowing for the War of 1812; first major financial crisis in US history
Panic of 1837
Caused by over-speculation and the failure of Andrew Jackson’s economic policies; sparked a massive 5-year depression
Panic of 1857
Caused by over-speculation of the new lands of the Mexican Cession; especially in Ca; increased tensions between the North and the South
Panic of 1873
Caused by railroad bankruptcies and Ulysses Grant’s “tight” monetary policies
Panic of 1893
Caused by more railroad bankruptcies and the collapse of the money system; the worst economic depression up to that point in US history
Two-party system
developed during the Civil War; where two major ideological groups contend for political power
Presidents of the Gilded Age (the forgotten Presidents)
Hayes, Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, and Benjamin Harrison
Coxey’s Army
march to Washington D.C. led by Jacob ______ to protest Cleveland’s seeming insensitivity to the people’s plight because of the Panic of 1893
Munn. v. Illinois (1877)
precursor trial to Wabash; ruled that it was a state’s right to control railroad rates & regulate private industry within states
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marshall SC case; established the principle of judicial review
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
Marshall SC case; involved a contract between a state and people concerned with a land grant; the contract was upheld; first time the Court declared a state law unconstitutional, saying that a state can’t pass laws that violate the fed Constitution
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Marshall SC case; NH tried to alter the charter that Dartmouth had been granted; NH said that there was no contract; court ruled in favor of Dartmouth; states can’t interfere with contracts between states and corps
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Marshall SC case; validated the Bank of the United States and extended the authority of federal law over state law
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Marshall SC case; involved a contract for ferry service on the Hudson River; established the fed gov’s power to regulate interstate commerce
Causes of American imperialism (1880-1914)
1) Industrial development - the US needed raw materials & new markets; 2) Military considerations - the US saw itself in competition with the European powers, 3) Social reasons - AngloSaxonism, Social Darwinism, manifest destiny, missionary goals; democratic superiority, 4) Pro-imperialist presidents - William McKinley (R) (assassinated), Theodore Roosevelt, William Taft
Albert Beveridge
argued for an imperialist policy on economic growth during the US’s imperialistic period
Alfred T. Mahan
argued for the expansion of US military (especially navy) during the Imperialism period in order to protect shipping lines. Specifically, he wanted 1) coaling stations throughout the world (Hawaii), 2) military bases in the Caribbean (Guantanamo Bay), 3) Canal through Panama, and 4) a modern navy
Reasons for the Spanish-American War (3)
1) yellow journalism portrays Valeriano Weyler’s treatment of the Cubans gruesomely; 2) Enrique Dupoy de Lome’s critical letter to McKinley is leaked and gets everyone mad, 3) The USS Maine sinks in Havana harbor and everyone points fingers at Spain (wrongly)
Commander George Dewey
Commander in the Philippines during the Spanish American war
Treaty of Paris (1898)
Ended the Spanish American War: 1) Cuba is independent, 2) Guam and Puerto Rico go to the US, 3) the US pays Spain $20 million for the Philippines
Platt Amendment
effectively made Cuba a protectorate of the US; US has the right to interfere in Cuban affairs and to maintain a naval base on the island
Foraker Act (1900)
denied US citizenship to Puerto Ricans and allowed the US president to appoint its governor and members of the legislature
Insular Cases
The US Supreme Court ruling that constitutional rights don’t necessarily apply to people living in US territories