vocab quiz

Question 1

common law country

Answer 1

judges relied on common law to decide what is illegal or legal. Common law makes some commonalities among the states

Question 2

Administrative diversity

Answer 2

all 52 jurisdictions have police, prosecutors, defense counsel, and courts, but their organization and structure often vary
(OK and TX have two supreme courts- one for civil and one for criminal)

Question 3

Retained counsel

Answer 3

private defense counsel (another way of saying private), this is for people who can afford it

Question 4

Magistrate courts

Answer 4

courts of limited jurisdiction, traffic courts, etc. determine pretrial release, detention, or bail

Question 5

Street level bureaucracy

Answer 5

the problematic “place” where workers interact with the people

Question 6

Michael Lipsky

Answer 6

“Toward a Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy”

Question 7

Simplification

Answer 7

Police officers develop simplifications about who is potentially dangerous to them.

Question 8

Routinization

Answer 8

Police: develop techniques to determine if a person respects police authority
Teachers: will use seating charts, carrots and sticks, to establish authority
Judges: robes, bench, bar, court ritual

Question 9

Friedman

Answer 9

Law is a product of social forces and demands - the powerful seeking to control the masses. But, different cultures make law in different ways and create different legal systems

Question 10

Period 1

Answer 10

Colonial America (small, tight-knit communities seeking to maintain order. moral failings were considered a crime. public punishments)

Question 11

period 2

Answer 11

First ⅔ of the nineteenth century (early industrial revolution - elites are seeking to encourage economic prosperity and development. development of the penetentary, police force, not much concern on individual rights)

Question 12

Period 3

Answer 12

1870 - 1990s - period of struggle between producers, workers, the middle class, newly emerging political actors (ex. civil rights movement). Increase policing of morals - bans on manufacture and sale of alcohol, cigarettes, illegal drugs; anti- prostitution movements, bans on contraception / abortion. increasing in call for civil rights and liberties. Crime wave in 1960s

Question 13

Period 4

Answer 13

1990s-today - new sources of conflict. Struggle between those who believe that the war on crime reduced crime and those who believe it just produced mass incarceration, Struggle between those who prefer the status quo to those who believe the law should be used to protect the historically disadvantaged. The creation of hate crimes as a crime; more emphasis on punishing those who engage in sexual violence or sex trafficking,Technological developments that have made new crimes possible; hacking, identity theft, credit card fraud, phishing, malware attacks, piracy, ransomware,

Question 14

Tonry

Answer 14

Backlash Theory

Question 15

Backlash theory

Answer 15

One approach to understanding the war on drugs / crime.

Question 16

Nixon

Answer 16

In 1968, republican nominee, nixon, emphasized that he was best suited to bring law and order to the US. benefited from king assassination riots, Columbia university protests, Chicago police riot

Question 17

Reagan

Answer 17

Emphasized the importance of victims rights. signed three major laws which imposed harsher punishments for offenders

Question 18

George HW Bush and crime

Answer 18

went against Dukakis and made him sound super soft on crime.

Question 19

willie horton

Answer 19

George HW Bush used this story against Dukakis- he raped, committed assault, and armed robbery while on weekend pass

Question 20

Dog Whistle Politics

Answer 20

Political messaging using coded language that appears to mean one thing to the general population but has an additional, different, or more specific resonance for a targeted subgroup

Question 21

Tonry

Answer 21

views war on crime as a response to the democrats success in securing political power for African Americans who then supported them in national elections

Question 22

Comprehensive drug abuse prevention and control act of 1970

Answer 22

Prevention also included treatment and prevention, not just law enforcement and interdiction- more was spent on treatment at the start of the 1970s, after 1978 the money was wayyy more spent on law enforcement

Question 23

Sentencing reform act (1984)

Answer 23

Federal sentencing guidelines, Indeterminate sentences- practice letting judges use judgment when sentencing crimes- big disparities, including racial disparities. Judges could use biases, no parole

Question 24

Anti-drug abuse act (1986)

Answer 24

Crack powder disparity - established difference between crack and powder. Black people would be caught with crack because it was cheaper. White people would get powder. Same sentence if caught with 1 gram of crack as 100 grams of powder ; established mandatory minimum sentencing

Question 25

Violent crime control and law enforcement act (1994)

Answer 25

expands death penalty, 50 more federal crimes, more prisons, three strikes you're out rule

Question 26

Wilson 1960s

Answer 26

narcotic deaths and crime soaring, baby boom institutions overcrowded, contagion (peers influencing peers),

Question 27

Seidman and Couzens

Answer 27

getting the crime rate down

Question 28

Uniform crime Report

Answer 28

local police depts collects stats and forward them to FBI, Problems: doesn't report every crime, local police are counted on for reporting, rape and SA not reported, UCR treats all crime as equal (murder = larceny), lots of police discretion

Question 29

larceny

Answer 29

unlawful taking of property from another person or business

Question 30

burglary

Answer 30

unlawful entry into a building with intent to commit a crime, typically theft

Question 31

robbery

Answer 31

unlawful taking of property with force or threat of force

Question 32

Nixons anti crime policy

Answer 32

in DC (can control there), increase size of police force, Increase in scout cars, scooters, radios, and computer capacity, increased pay, racial diversity, education of police force, Increase in narcotics treatment program, No-knock entry for the police and “preventive detention” (detention without trial), Increased use of high-intensity street lights

Question 33

fragmentation

Answer 33

states rely on local prosecutors to decide whether or not to prosecute most criminal cases

Question 34

collars for dollars

Answer 34

cops making discretionary arrests to get overtime

Question 35

Terry v Ohio

Answer 35

stop and frisk case, a cop may stop and frisk someone if they exhibit suspicious behavior. does a person walking down the street have an expectation of privacy? gives police more power than judges

Question 36

reactive policing

Answer 36

responding to 311 and 911 calls. responds to desires of the community. democratic policing.

Question 37

on the run

Answer 37

anyone who might be taken into custody if they run into the law. Goffman studied the 6th street boys.

Question 38

secondary devience

Answer 38

once you've been labeled as a deviant once you're more likely to act in devious ways

Question 39

Homeless crisis

Answer 39

not just the product of an increase in homelessness, but also a crisis of complaints, which increases complaint-oriented policing..complaints come from below, horizontally, and above

Question 40

homeward bound program

Answer 40

offered homeless people free bus tickets and $10 for food to go somewhere else where they have friends or family

Question 41

burden shuffling

Answer 41

police would reclassify the homeless problem to another agency (power washing company, ambulance, etc)

Question 42

White flight

Answer 42

white people moving out of the cities to live the middle class american dream

Question 43

Metcalf-Volker Narcotic Addict Commitment Act

Answer 43

drug treatment! Diversion program- go to treatment, avoid jail! Defined addiction as a form of mental illness that required treatment. However, the jail sentencing would only be 6 months while the rehab sentence would be 2-3 years

Question 44

Nelson Rockefeller- governor of NY

Answer 44

Metcalf-Volker Narcotic Addict Commitment Act, banned death penalty, brutal retaking of the prison

Question 45

Japanese model

Answer 45

Japan imposes life sentences on drug dealers - could it work in NY?

Question 46

Redlining

Answer 46

even if an African American wanted to move, they had to find a neighborhood that would accept them