Political Analysis Midterm

Question 1

Robust stat

Answer 1

it is not sensitive. The median will basically always be the same

Question 2

Hypothesis

Answer 2

some type of relationship between two variables. Hypothesis is part of scientific method

Question 3

Counterfactual

Answer 3

opposite of treatment. If treatment is did you come to review session, counterfactual = did you not come to the midterm review session

Question 4

Dummy variable

Answer 4

variable that takes value of 0 or 1

Question 5

Confounder

Answer 5

other factors, ex. Sleep
Some type of variable that affects treatment and outcome

Question 6

Dependant variable

Answer 6

outcome

Question 7

Independent variable

Answer 7

treatment

Question 8

Two tail hypothesis testing

Answer 8

look at a table, locate the value asked. P value = multiply the value found by 2. Find value then multiply by 2

Question 9

Unit of analysis

Answer 9

of observations, rows - 1 (variable name is not an observation). focus On what data is actually about

Question 10

of variables

Answer 10

columns

Question 11

value

Answer 11

singular cell

Question 12

Ho

Answer 12

null, no impact

Question 13

Ha

Answer 13

alternative

Question 14

categorical

Answer 14

(nominal, ordinal)

Question 15

continuous

Answer 15

can put it on a number line, first year, second year, etc

Question 16

ordinal

Answer 16

associate degree, bachelor degree, masters, etc

Question 17

Nominal

Answer 17

race, ethnicities, eye color

Question 18

Binary variable

Answer 18

dummy variable, only 2 values, 1 or 2, true or false, yes or no

Question 19

Casual relationship

Answer 19

correlation between 2 variables, x causes y

Question 20

association

Answer 20

there is a relationship between x and y but one does not cause the other

Question 21

Population

Answer 21

everybody (every first gen student in US)

Question 22

Sample

Answer 22

one specific group (first gen students at OU, should be representative of population)

Question 23

Simple random sample

Answer 23

every case / person has an equal chance of being selected. No reason why someone is selected. Draw from a raffle to select them into simple random sample

Question 24

Normal distribution

Answer 24

one wave graph

Question 25

Bimodal

Answer 25

two peaks

Question 26

Multimodal

Answer 26

more than 2 peaks

Question 27

right/left skewed

Answer 27

skewed to where the data is drifting off, opposite of where the hump is

Question 28

Standard deviation

Answer 28

distance between one observation and sample mean. One student had a score of 95, one had 88, and the mean is 90. SD of student one is 5, two is 2

Question 29

Standard error

Answer 29

random samples from population, mean distance between one samples mean and another samples mean. Focused on multiple samples

Question 30

Law of large numbers

Answer 30

as more samples are collected, eventually proportion will equal probability.

Question 31

Probability

Answer 31

finding likelihood of something happening

Question 32

Box plot

Answer 32

has interquartile range, median, etc. shows lots of statistics at once.

Question 33

n

Answer 33

sample size

Question 34

P-hat

Answer 34

estimated value of p, also point estimate value

Question 35

p

Answer 35

proportion

Question 36

Confidence intervals (CI)

Answer 36

represents a range of values. More likely for values to be included, more likely to capture population parameter

Question 37

P value

Answer 37

0.05, 95%

Question 38

Success failure condition

Answer 38

what we use to estimate if a sample size is big enough. Equation has to equal at least 10. Sample size you want = at least 30 observations

Question 39

Independence

Answer 39

two events are independent of each other.

Question 40

Summary / descriptive statistics

Answer 40

report things like mean, median, mode. Tells us something about our sample.

Question 41

Outliers

Answer 41

distant value / observation