vocab october 31st Flashcards
agriculture biodiversity
the variety and variability of plants, animals,and microorganisms that are used directly or indirectly for food and agriculture
agriculture landscape
a landscape resulting from the interactions between farming activities and a locations natural environment
agreocosystem
an ecosystem modified for agricultural use
aquifer
layers of sand, gravel, and rocks that contain and can release a usable amount of water
biodiversity
the variety of organisms living in a location
biotechnology
the science of altering living organisms often through genetic manipulation to create new products for specific purposes such as crops that resist certain pests
food security
the reliable acess to safe and nutrias foods because stores selling these foods are too far away
precision agriculture
a farming management concept that uses technology to apply inputs with pinpoint accuracy to specific parts of fields to maximize crops yields, reduce waist and preserve the environment
reservoir
an artificial lake used to store water
salinzation
the process by which water soluble salts build up in the soil which limits the ability of crops to absorb water
climate region
an area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior
terracing
the process of carving parts of a hill or mountain into small, level growing plots
debt-for nature-swap
agreement between a bank and a peripheral country in which the bank forgives a portion of the country’s debt in exchange for local investment in conversations measure.
deforestation
loss of forest lands
desertification
a form of land degradation that occurs when soil deteriorates to a desert like condition
economy of scale
cost reductions that occur when production rises
food dessert
area where residents lack access to healthy, nutritious foods because stores selling these foods are too far away
food insecurity
the disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of poor access to food
agribusiness
the large scale system that includes the production, processing, and distribution of agricultural products and equipment.
commodity chain
a network of people information, processes,and resources, that work together to produce handle and distribute a commodity or product.
dual agriculture economy
an economy having 2 agricultural sectors that have different levels of technology and different patterns of demand.
fair trade
a movement that tries to provide farmers and workers in a peripheral and semi- peripheral countries with a fair price for their products by providing more equitable trading conditions.
farm subsidy
form of aid and insurance given by the federal government to certain farmers and agribusiness.
global supply chain
a network of people information processes and resources that work together to produce handle and distribute goods around the world
hybrid
the product created by breeding different varieties of species to enhance the most favorable characteristics.
agriculture
the purposeful cultivation of plants or raising animals to produce goods for survival.
agricultural hearth
an area where different groups began to domesticate plants and animals.
bid rent theory
a theory that describes the relationship between land value commercial location and transportation using a bid rent gradient or slope
central business district (CBD)
the central location where the majority of consumer services are located in a city or town because the accesibilty of the the location attracts these services
climate region
an area that has similar climate patterns generally based on its latitude and its location on a coast or continental interior.
clustered settlement
a rural settlement patterns in which residents live in close proximity to one another
commercial agriculture
an agricultural practice that focuses on producing crops and raising animals for the market for others to purchase.
columbian exchange
the exchange of goods and ideas between the Americans Europe and Africa that began after Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas
genetically modified organisms (GMO)
a plant or animal with specific characteristics obtained through the manipulation of its genetic makeup.
green revolution
movement begging in the 1950 and 1960 in which scientist used knowledge of genetics to develop new high yield strains of grain crops.
intensive agriculture
an agricultural practice in which farmers expand a great deal of effort to produce as much yield as possible from an area of land
linear settlement
a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings form in a long line that usually follows a land feature or aligns along a transportation route.
market gardening
a type of farming that produces fruits, vegetables,and flowers and typically serves a specific market or urban area.
crop rotation
the varying of crops from year to year to allow for restoration of valuable nutrients and the continuing productivity of the soil
dispersed settlement
a rural settlement pattern in which houses and buildings are isolated from one another and all the homes in a settlement are distributed over a relatively large area
domestication
the deliberate effort to grow plants and raise animals, making plants adapt to human demands and using selective breeding to develop desirable characteristics.
enclosure system
system in which communal lands were replaced by farms owned by individuals , and use of the land was restricted to the owner or tenants who rented the land from the owner
extensive agriculture
an agricultural practice with relatively few inputs and little investment in labor and capital that results in relatively low outputs.
first agricultural revolution
the shift from foraging for food to farming about 11,000 years ago marking the begging of agriculture.
foragers
small, nomadic group who had primarily plant based diets and ate small animals or fish for protein
meditaranian agriculture
an agricultural practice that consists of growing hardy trees and shrubs and raising sheep and goats
mixed crop and livestock system
a type of farming in which both crops and livestock are raised for profit.
monocropping
the cultivation of one or two crops that are rotated seasonally.
nomadic herding/ pastoral nomadism
type of agriculture based on people moving their domesticated animals seasonally or as needed to allow the best grazing
plantation agrilcutre
type of large scale commercial farming of one particular crop grown for markets often distant form the population
second agricultural revolution
a change in farming practices marked by new tools and techniques that diffused from britain and the low countries started in early 18th century
shifting cultivation
the agricultural practice of growing crops or grazing animals on a piece of land for a year or two , then bonding the land when the nutrients have been depleted from the soil and moving to a new piece of land where the process is repeated
slash and burn
method of agriculture in which existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown
substance agricultural
an agricultural practice that provides crop or livestock to feed ones family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock
transhumance
the movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter
third agricultural revolution
a shift to further mechanization in agriculture through the development of new technology and advance that began in the early 20th century and continues to the present day
infrastructure
the many systems and facility’s that a country needs in order to function properly
vertical intergration
the combining of a company’s ownership of and control over more than one stage of the production of goods.
von thunen model
a model that suggests that perishability of a product and transport costs to the market each factor into the location of agricultural land use and activity
