Vocab CH 3 Flashcards
Applied behavioural-science
an intervention approach that targets observable behaviours, and alters behavioural antecedents and consequences to influence beneficial change
Antecedents
Environmental stimuli which attempt to direct a target behaviour through persuasion and/or announcing a consequence
Three-term contingency
The sequence of antecedent -> behaviour -> consequence
Prompts
verbal or written messages designed to remind people to perform a target behaviour
Countercontrol/Psychological reactance
An attempt to regain perceived freedom by performing behaviour contrary to that advocated by the behaviour-change intervention
Modelling
intervention technique which involves the demonstration of a desired target behaviour
Behavioural commitment
A written or verbal promise to perform a target behaviour
Penalty
a negative consequence delivered after an undesirable behaviour designed to decrease its future occurrence
Reward
A positive consequence delivered after a desirable behaviour which is intended to increase future occurrences of the behaviour
Incentive
Antecedent message that announces the availability of a reward upon completion of a specific behaviour
Disincentive
Antecedent message or activator announcing a punitive consequence for a specific undesirable behaviour
Positive reinforcement
the delivery of a consequence that increases the probability the behaviour it follows will recur
Punishment
the delivery of a consequence that reduces the probability the behaviour it follows will reoccur
Self-(‘intrinsic’)-motivation
Motivation to complete a task for the sake of the task itself rather than the availability of external rewards
Feedback
Providing individuals with data about the frequency of a target behaviour and/or the consequences of that behaviour
Behaviour-based feedback
informs individuals about their correct vs. incorrect behaviour
Outcome-based feedback
notifies people about the results of their behaviour
Consistency
A fundamental human motive which drives us to be internally and externally consistent (i.e. to have attitudes and behaviours that do not contradict each other)
Foot-in-the-door (FITD) technique
A consistency-based social influence technique in which compliance with a smaller request precedes a larger subsequent request
Cognitive dissonance
The uncomfortable tension that arises when individuals become aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes and behaviours
Hypocrisy effect
commitments become more effective when they are followed by reminders of past failures
Behavioural self-perception
The tendency to infer one’s own attitudes and traits based on self-observations of one’s own behaviour
Social proof
Technique in which the behaviour of others is presented as validation for a course of action
Social norms
Codes of conduct based on what people typically do or approve of, which inform members of a social group how to act in various situations
Descriptive norms
an individual’s perceptions of what members of a social group typically do
Injunctive norms
an individual’s perception about what behaviours members of a social group approve or disapprove
Pluralistic ignorance
The tendency to believe the private attributes and beliefs of others are different from one’s own, despite identical public behaviour
Fundamental attribution error
The tendency to overestimate the influence of personality variables on the behaviour of others while underestimating the influence of the situation
Availability heuristic
the tendency to calculate probability of an event’s occurrence based on the ease with which we can bring that event to mind
Normative feedback
An intervention technique that provides data comparing an individual’s behaviour with the typical or average group behaviour
Authority
the social influence principle describing the tendency of individuals to: (1) comply with the request of high-status/power individuals; and (2) follow the advice of experts
Liking
The social influence principle describing the tendency of individuals to comply with the requests of attractive, similar and familiar others
Block-leader approach
An intervention technique in which members of a community neighbourhood are recruited to serve as intervention agents and encourage participation in a particular programme
Reciprocity
The social norm that pressures people to replay benefits received from others
Scarcity
The human tendency to value scarce resources and opportunities
Reactance
the tendency of individuals to act in ways to re-establish freedom when it becomes limited or threatened
Loss aversion
The tendency to assign greater value to losses that to gains of equivalent magnitude
Fear appeals
Motivational messages that attempt to change a behaviour by explaining that certain negative consequences will occur in the absence of behaviour change
