Vocab - Antiquity through Renaissance Flashcards
symposium
In ancient Greece, a tightly organized social gathering of adult male citizens for conversation and entertainment.
seven liberal arts
A framework of seven intellectual disciplines composed of the trivium and the quadrivium.
trivium
The three verbal disciplines of the seven liberal arts - grammar, logic, and rhetoric.
quadrivium
The four scientific disciplines - arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music - of the seven liberal arts that used number and quantitative reasoning to arrive at the truth.
Pythagorean tuning
Setting the pitches of a scale according to mathematically exact octaves, fifths, and fourth (not thirds and sixths)
proslambanomenos
The Greek name for the lowest sounding A on the bass clef staff.
tonos
Greek word for scale
De institutione musica
Fundamentals of Music written by Boethius. This became the required school text for music theory.
musica mundana
music of the spheres
musica humana
music of the human body
musica instrumentalis
earthly vocal and instrumental music
canonical hours
A set of eight periods of worship occurring throughout the day.
Vespers
Late afternoon service that was most important for music history. It involved singing psalms and hymn as well as the Magnificat (a text used by composers throughout history).
antiphonal singing
Music performance in which a divided choir alternately sings back and forth.
antiphon
A short chant, specific to the day, that came before the psalm and was repeated after it.
syllabic chant
one note for each syllable of text
neumatic chant
3-5 notes for each syllable of text
melismatic chant
many notes per syllable of text. (melisma = lenghty vocal phrase setting a single syllable)
De Musica
"On Music", written by John of St. Gall around 1100. The treatise set for eight church modes in a system with numbers to which were added Greek names. The eight modes were presented in four pairs: Dorian Phyrgian Lydian Mixolydian
authentic mode vs. plagal mode
Plagal modes are all a fourth below their authentic counterpart.
nota
A symbol on a line or space representing a single, precise pitch.
Guidonian hand
A system that used the joints of each finger to designate the notes of a scale. Most church music was taught by hand in the Middle Ages.
diabolus in musica
“Devil in music”, refers to a tritone.
troubadour and trobairitz
Poet-musicians from Southern France (men and women respectively)
trouvere
Poet-musicians from Northern France.
Minnesinger
German poet-musicians. They wrote Minnesang (song of love).
vox principalis & vox organalis
The principal voice (pre-existing chant) and original voice (a newly created line to be added to the chant).
oblique motion
Organum with one voice repeating or sustaining a pitch while another moves away or toward it.
Musica enchiriadis (Music Handbook)
A music theory treatise written by Abbot Hoger that was the first documented appearance of polyphonic music.
Liber usualis
A modern edition of plainchant that uses chant neumes.
Strophic form
A song form in which the music composed for the initial stanza of text is repeated for each additional stanza.
solmization
A system of associating each note of a scale with a particular syllable (solfege).
organum purum
A style of older sustained-tone organum that Leonius wrote in.
Florid two-voice organum.
mensural notation
Symbol-specific notation.
Created by Franco in the late 13th century.
isorhythm
Same rhythm. A rhythmic pattern repeated again and again in a line, usually in the tenor.
formes fixes
“fixed forms” - secular art songs with prescribed form. All voices are newly composed.
musica ficta
13th-early 14th century
Any accidentals not originally including in the Guidonian system, which originally included only Bb as a chromatic pitch.
Trecento
The century of the 1300’s, when arts flourished in France.
Squarcialupi Codex contained over 350 compositions from this era.
chanson
French word for song. A single volume with copies of chansons is called a chansonnier.
Burgundian cadence
“Octave leap cadence”
When three voices are present and the contratenor jumps an octave to fill in the texture of the final chord.
cantus firmus
Latin adjective meaning “firm” or “well-established”.
text painting
Also called word painting.
Using chord shifts, musical repetition, controlled dissonance, and abrupt textural changes to highlight the meaning of the text.
Popular in madrigals.