Vocab Flashcards
Balanced budget
When current government expenditures are equal to receipts
Bill of attainder
A law that punishes a person accused of a crime without a trial or a fair Hearing in court
Census
The official count of a population
Coalition buliding
The alliance of special interest groups with the purpose of achieving the same goal using both direct lobbying and Grassroots lobbying
Competitive federalism (new federalism)
Begun under Richard Nixon and known as a new federalism this approach stressed the downsizing of the federal government and more Reliance on revenue-sharing and grants
Concurring opinion
An opinion that agrees with the majority in a Supreme Court ruling but differs on the reasoning
Constituent services
A member of Congress providing services to vote as much as a a member of Congress providing services to voters such as providing help with federal agencies, federal grants, and students who want to attend the u.s. military academics, who live in the district that representative or Senator serves
Debt ceiling
A limit on the total amount of money the federal government can legally borrow
Deficit spending
Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes
Direct lobbying
Attempts to influence a legislators vote through personal contact with the legislator
Dual federalism
A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain Supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for the some policies
Environmental protection agency (EPA)
The US Federal agency with a mission to protect human health and the environment
Equality of opportunity
The idea that each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life
Executive order
A rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law
Federalist Papers
A series of 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay ( using the name “publius”) published in New York papers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution
Focus Group
A small group of individuals who are lead in discussion of my professional consultants in order to gather opinions on and responses to candidates and issues
Franking privilege
The ability of members to mail letters to constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage
Grassroots
People or Society at a local level rather than at the center of a major political activity
GDP
Gross domestic product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy
Incorporation doctrine of the 14th Amendment
The legal concept under which the Supreme Court has nationalized the Bill of Rights by making most of its Provisions applicable to the states through the 14th Amendment
Incumbent
The current office holder
Inflation
A general and Progressive increase in prices
Loose construction
A board interpretation of the Constitution, making the Congress has powers Beyond those specifically given in the Constitution
Media
Connect citizens to a group that influences public policy
Motor Voter Act of 1993
Signs of the law by President Clinton, it enables people to register to vote at motor vehicle departments
Participatory democracy
A system of democracy in which all members of a group Community participate actively in making major decisions
Political participation
The many different ways that people take part in politics and government
Political platform
Formal Declaration of the principles and policies of a political party
Preamble
Introduction of the Constitution
Shay’s Rebellion
A 1787 rebellion in which X Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes
Speaker of the House
An office mandated by the Constitution. The speaker is chosen and practiced by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency shed that office become vacant
Super PACs
A type of independent political action committee which may raise unlimited sums of money from corporations unions and individuals but is not permitted to contribute to or coordinate directly with parties or candidates
Tracking polls
Continuous surveys that neighborhood campaign or news organization to chart a candidate’s daily rise or fall in support
Unanimous consent
An agreement by every Senator to the terms of debate on a given piece of legislation
Unfunded mandates
Programs that the federal government requires states to implement without Federal funding
Virginia Plan
A plan that called for three branches of government, if you just shuell, executive and legislature and the legislature based on population
Writ of certiorari
Order by Supreme Court directing a lower court to spend up the records of a case for review
Federalist 51 (madison)
“Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.” But what is government itself but the greatest of all Reflections on human nature. “ if men were angels…. checks and balances. Give the constitutional means and personal motives to resist in encroachment of the others. People are the primary check
Schenck v. United states 1919
A 1919 decision upholding the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during World War 1. Justice Holmes declared government can limit speech at the speech provokes a clear and present danger of substantive evils
Brown v. Board of education 1954
1954- the Supreme Court overruled Plessy versus Ferguson, declared the racially segregated facilities and inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated
Engel v. Vitale 1962
Prohibited state-sponsored receation of prayer in public schools by virtue of the first amendment’s Establishment Clause in the 14th Amendment due process clause Warren Court Street social activism
Wisconsin v. Yoder 197w
The court rules that Wisconsin cannot require Spanish parents to send their children to Public Schools beyond the eighth grade because it would violate long-held religious beliefs
Roe versus Wade 1973
Abortion rights fall within the Privacy implied by the 4th Amendment
Plannes parenthood v. Casey 1992
A 1992 case in which the Supreme Court Lucinda standards evaluating restrictions on abortion from one of strict security of any restraints on a mental rights to one of undue burden that permits considerably more regulation
Pluraist Theory
The theory that political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest group
Advise and consent
The power of the Senate to approve or disapprove of any of the president’s appointments or treaties
Anti-Federalists
Components of the American Constitution at the time when the states were contemplating its adoption
Exit poll
Public opinion surveys to use by Major media posters to predict electoral winners with speed and precision
Federal Reserve System
The country’s Central banking system which is responsible for the nation’s monetary policy Barry letting supply of money and interest rates
Funded mandates
Regulations passed by Congress or issued very literary agencies in the states with federal funds to support them
Horse race journalism
Election coverage by the mass media that focuses on which candidate is ahead earlier than on National issues
Impeachment
An action by the House of Representatives to kiss president vice president or other civil officers of the United States committing treason bribery or other high crimes and misdemeanors
Lobbyist
A person who is employed by and ask for an organized interest group or Corporation to try to influence policy decisions and positions in the executive and legislative branches
Monetary policy
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling the money supply and interest rates
Unconventional political participation
The means by which people get involved in the political process when conventional means though such as protest and civil disobedience
Gideon v. Wainwright 1963
Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a defendant is in a family trial must be provided a lawyer free of charge and the defendant cannot afford one. It started that the 14th amendment allows the Bill of Rights to be applied to the United States including Amendment 6 (right to a lawyer)
Judicial review
Review by the US Supreme Court or the Constitutional validity of a legislative act
Legislative veto
The authority of Congress to block a presidential action has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power
Popular sovereignty
I believe the ultimate power resides in the people
Unalienable rights
Rights that cannot be taken away
Unanimous decision
A decision made by the Supreme Court that has no dissent. A unanimous decision by the court is 9-0
Unwritten Constitution
Traditions president and practice incorporated into our form of government that adds The Constitution’s elastically and is viability. Political parties the president cabinet political action committees and the federal bureaucracy are important examples
Conservative
A person who believes government power particularly in the economy should be limited in order to maximize the individual freedom
Creative federalism
During the Great Society the marble cake approach of intergovernmental relations
Habeas corpus
An order to produce an arrested person before a judge
Senatorial courtesy
Presidential customs of submitting the names of prospective appointees for approval two senators from the state in which the appointees our to work
Bureaucracies
Large administrative agencies reflecting a hierarchical Authority job specialization and rules and regulations that drive them
Civil liberties
Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens
Commerce Clause
The clause in the Constitution Article 1 Section 8 Clause 1 that gives Congress the power to regulate all business activities that cross state lines or affects more than one state or other nations
Committee-of-the-whole
A committee that consists of an entire legislative body used for a procedure in which a legislative body expedites its business are resolving itself into committee itself
Culture of poverty
The argument that poor people adopt certain practices that differ from those of middle-class mainstream Society in order to adapt and survive in difficult economic circumstances
De jure segregation
Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative Decisions by public agencies
Elastic clause
The final paragraph of Article 1 Section 8 of The Constitution which authorizes congress to pass all laws in this area and proper to carry out the enumerated powers
Grand old party GOP
Nickname for the Republican Party
Liberals
People who generally favor government action and view change as progress
White House staff
Personal who run the White House and advise the president. Includes the chief of staff and press secretary
Majority leader
The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the house or Senate
Open primary
Apparel action in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place
Shaw v. Reno 1993
No racial gerrymandering race cannot be the sole of predominant factor in redrawing legislative boundaries majority-minority districts
Cruel and unusual punishment
Corson’s is permitted by the 8th and management. Above the Supreme Court has ruled the mentary distances for certain offenses are unconstitutional it has not held that the death penalty itself constitutes cruel and unusual punishment
Gridlock
An inability to nice legislation because of partisan conflict within Congress or between Congress and the president
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
A law passed in 1990 that requires employers and public facilities to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals and employment
Pork barrel legislation
Laws passed by Congress that appropriate money for local Federal projects
Strict-constructionist approach
The View that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution
Referendum
A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate
Ratification
Formal approval final consent to the electronics of a constitution Constitution Amendment or treaty
Gender gap
A term that refers to the regular pattern by which women are more likely to support Democratic candidates. Women tend to be significantly less conservative than man and are more likely to support spending on social services and to oppose higher levels of military spending
Direct primary
A primary where voters directly select candidates who will run for the office
Marble cake federalism
The theory that all levels of government can work together to solve common problems. Also known as cooperative federalism
Battleground States. Swing States.
The key states that the presidential campaigns focus on because they are most likely to decide the outcome of the Electoral College vote
Cooperative federalism
A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government. They may also share cost Administration and even blame for programs at work poorly
Federal election campaign Act FECA
First major federal law 1971 Australian Federal elections.. Federal Election Commission FEC. Require disclosure of sources of campaign funds transparency set limits on contributions to candidates individual equal 1000 Pacs equals 5000 spending limits for candidates limits on independent expenditures
Third political parties
Any political party that is not one of the two major parties
Electoral college
A group of people named by each state legislature to select the President and Vice President
Reserved power clause
Found in Tenth Amendment it gives States Powers not delegated to the national government
Hyperpluralist Theory
A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government is weakened
Majority opinion
A court opinion or affecting the views of the majority of the judges
Party identification
Is Citizens self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other
Religious right
politically active religious conservatives especially Catholics and image Ella Christians who became predictably vocal in the 1980s against feminism abortion and homosexuality who promoted Family Values
Safety net
Government programs that protect people experiencing unfavorable economic conditions
Single-issue groups
Groups that have a narrow interest tend to dislike compromise and often draw membership from people new to politics
Closed primary
A primary in which only registered members of a particular political party can vote
Conference committee
Committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular bill passed by each in different form
Ranking Committee Member
The senior member of the minority party serving on a congressional committee who works closely with the committee chair deciding on committee business
Poverty line
The estimated minimum level of income needed to secure the necessities of life
Prospective voting
Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues
Recession of 2008
Caused by collapse of the housing market the mismanagement of housing mortgages by Banks and the bankruptcy of major investment firms
Separation of church and state
Constitutional principle found in the First Amendment which prevents our government from setting up an official Church from providing support for religious institutions or from crying church membership to vote
Congressional budget office CBO
An agency of Congress the Allies is presidential budget recommendations and estimates the cost of proposed legislation
Discretionary spending
Spending category about which government planners can make choices
Lame duck
And outgoing official serving out the remainder of a term after retiring or being defeated for re-election
Laissez-faire
Idea that government should pay as small a role as possible and economic affairs
Baker vs. Carr 1972
Case that asked. One-man vote. This isn’t created guidelines for drawing up congressional districts and guarantee a more Equitable system of representation the citizens of each state
Republican Party
Political party that believed in non expansion of slavery and consisted of wigs in. Democrats and free soldiers in defiance to the slave powers
Discount rate
The minimum interest rate set by federal reserve for Lending to other Banks
Distributive policy
Results in the government giving benefits directly to people groups farmers and businesses. Typical policies include subsidies research and development funds for corporations and direct government aid for Highway construction and education
Invisible primary
Early attempts to raise money line up campaign Consultants media attention and get commitments for support even before candidates announce they are running
War Powers Act of 1973
And I 73 Congress passed this law which requires that soldiers sent into military action overseas by the president be brought back within 60 days unless Congress approves action
Ticket splitting
Ring with one party for one office and with another party for for another office. It has become the norm in American voting behavior
Party realignment
The displacement of the majority party but the majority party usually during a critical election period
Layer cake federalism
Frozen characterized by a national government exercising its power and apparently from state governments
Keynote address
Key speech at the national nominating convention that outlines the themes of the campaign
Filibuster
A tactic for defeating a bill in the Senate by talking until the Bill’s sponsor withdraws it
Fiscal policy
Government policy that attempts to manage the economy by controlling taxing and spending
Closed rule
A procedural rule in the House of Representatives that prohibits any amendments to bills provides that only members of the committee reporting the pill they offer amendments
Constituent
A person whom remember of Congress has been elected to represent
Federalism
A form of government in which power is divided between the federal or national government and the states
Implied powers
Powers inferred from the express powers that allow Congress to carry out its functions
New Hampshire primary
First presidential primary and it’s winner becomes the Medias major attention
Non-preferential primary
Where voters choose delegates who are not bound to vote for the winning primary candidate
Political socialization
The process by which people gain their political attitudes and opinions
Procedural due process
Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods limits how government May exercise power
Sequestration
The action of taking legal possession of assets until the debt has been paid or other claims have been met
Marbury versus Madison 1803
This case establishes the Supreme Court’s power of judicial review
Standing committee
A permanent committee established new legislature usually focusing on policy area
Rules Committee
Deciding Committee of the House of Representatives that provide special rules under which specific bills can be debated amended be considered by the house
Free enterprise
Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference
Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the house for a presentation and Taxation purposes. Negated by the 13th Amendment.
All politics is local
Phrase coined by former Speaker of the House Tip O’Neill speaker 1977 through 1987 and refers to how the behavior of congressmen and women on the local level will it turning factor for the way voters perceive their represent
Congressional oversight
How are used by Congress to gather information useful for the formation of legislation review the operations and budgets of executive departments and independent regulatory agencies conduct investigations through committee hearings and bring to the Public’s attention and need for public policy
Direct tax
A tax an individual pays directly to the government
Selective incorporation
The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to State and local governments
Rule of four
At least for justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard
Double jeopardy
The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense
Apportionment bill
Congressional legislation that has spinning of the basic. Federal bill made up of 13 apportionment bills
Representative democracy
A form of democracy in which citizens elect officials to govern on their behalf
Solid South
A term used to describe the tendency of a southern states to vote Democratic after the Civil War
Limited government
The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens
Fiscal federalism
Federal government using money grants to influence and control States
Mass media
Forms of communication such as newspapers and radio that reach millions of people
De facto segregation
Segregation by Unwritten custom or tradition
Selective incorporation
The process by which provisions of the Bill of Rights are brought within the scope of the Fourteenth Amendment and so applied to State and local governments
Gibbons vs. Ogden 1824
Clarified the Commerce Clause and affirmed congressional power over Interstate Commerce
Marshall Court (1801-1835)
Decided Marbury versus Madison making the sca co-equal branch of government. Landmark cases included Marbury versus Madison McCoy C. Maryland and Gibbons versus Ogden
Party platform
A political party’s statement of its goals and polices for the next four years the platform is drafted prior to the party convention by a committee Blues members are chosen and rough prop operation to each candidate strength. It is the best formal statement of the party’s beliefs
Plank
Each individual part of a political party’s platform
Separation of power
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative executive and judicial branches with the legislative branch making law the executive client and enforcing the law and the Judiciary interpreting the law
Due process clause
Clause in the Fifth Amendment limit the power of national government similar clause in the 14th Amendment prohibiting States government for depriving any person of life liberty or property without due process of law
Amicus curae (“friend of the court” briefs)
Legal brief submitted by a friend of the court for the purpose of influencing a court decision by raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties
Declaration of Sentiments and resolutions
A result of the Seneca fall convention and stated that all men and women are created equal that woman no less than men are endowed with certain inalienable rights. And demanding the right to vote they launched a movement for women’s suffrage that would survive until the battle was finally over
Reapportionment
The process of reassigning representation based on population after every census
Individualism
Giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Campaign Finance reform
Legislation aimed at placing limits on political candidates accepting money and gifts from individuals and special interest groups
Demographics
Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it
Redistricting
The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population AKA reapportionment
Affordable act care ACA
Federal legislation passed in 2010 that includes a number Provisions designed to increase access to healthcare improve the quality of healthcare and explore new models of delivering and paying for healthcare
Medicaid
Federal program that provides medical benefits for low income persons
Pluralism
A theory of government that holds the open multiple and competing groups can check the certed power by any one group
Food stamp program
Federally funded program that gives food coupons to low-income People based on income and family size
Miranda Rights
A list of rights that police in the United States must read to suspects in custody before questioning them pursuant to the Supreme Court decision in Miranda vs Arizona
Ex post facto law
A law that makes an act criminal although the Act was legal when it was committed
Initiative
Process that permits voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot
Jim Crow laws
State laws in the South that legalized segregation
Political consultant
A paid professional hired to devise a campaign strategy and manage a campaign
Oral arguments
The stage in Supreme Court proceedings in which attorneys for both sides appear before the court to present their positions and answers questions posed by the justices. Good feeder for law nerds
Tinker versus Des Moines 1969
Public school students May wear armbands to class protesting against Americans were in Vietnam when such as played does not disrupt classes
Mandatory spending
Federal spending Cried by law that continues without the need for annual approvals by Congress
Independent expenditures
Money spent by individuals or groups not associated with candidates to elect or defeat candidates for office
Literacy test
A test given to persons to prove they can read and write before being allowed to register to vote
Delegated powers
Power typically given to the federal government by the US Constitution for example the Authority to print money
Front-Runner
Designation given to the candidate who leads in the polls
Shared powers
Powers granted to the national government by the Constitution but not denied to the states. One example is a right to lay and collect taxes
Concurrent powers
Powers held jointly by the national and state governments
Faction
A small organized dissenting group within a larger one especially in politics. Used by Madison in Federalist number 10
Great Compromise . Connecticut Compromise.
Combining parts of Virginia and New Jersey Plan regarding representation
McDonald vs Chicago 2010
The Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms for self-defense is applicable to the states
Federal Election Commission FEC
A bipartisan Federal agency of six members that oversees the financing of national election campaigns
Retrospective voting
A theory of voting in which voters essentially ask this simple question. what have you done for me lately?
Minority leader
The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate
New Jersey Plan
A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new Congress
Public opinion polls
Scientific efforts to estimate when entire group thinks about an issue by asking a smaller sample of the group for its opinion
Appellate jurisdiction
The jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts. These courts do not review the facts or record only legal issues involved
Wave election
An election where on political party wins resulting in a change of control in the presidency and Congress and Chris control the Congress or change of control and one or both houses of Congress
Judicial conference
A closed meeting of the Justice of the US Supreme Court to discuss and vote on the cases before then the justices are not supposed to discuss conference proceedings with Outsiders
Brutus 1 - Anti-Federalists . Republicans.
Before The Constitution was ratified too much power in national government won’t be able to survive because it’s too big
President Pro temporary
Officer of the Senate elected by majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president
Civil rights
The rights of full citizenship and equality under the law
Judicial restraint
A theory of judicial interpretation that encourages judges to limit the exercise of their own power
Twenty-fifth Amendment
Adopted in 1967 to establish procedures for filling vacancies in the office of President and Vice President as well as providing procedures to do with a disability
Natural rights
Life liberty and property
Articles of Confederation
First constitution of the US 1987 - 1788 weaknesses no executive judicial no power no tax no power to regulate trade
Activist Court
Court that makes decisions that Forge New ground such as Roe versus Wade or Brown versus Board of Education and establish precedent that often result and some form of legislative action
Affirmative action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Agenda setting
The process of forming a list of issues to be addressed by government
Arraignment
A hearing in which a suspect is charged and pleads guilty or not guilty
Bicameral
A legislative consisting of two parts or houses
Bipartisan
Involving two political parties
Bipartisan Campaign Act of 2002
Also known as the mccain-feingold ACT Advanced off money donations by individuals to presidential candidates and set aggregate limits for individuals contributing to individual candidates
Block grants
Federal grants given more or less automatically to States or communities to support board programs in areas such as Community Development is social services
Bully pulpit
The ability to use the office of the presidency to promote a particular program and or to influence Congress to cept legislative proposals
Bush versus Gore 2000
The Court ruled that manual records of presidential ballots in the November 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent valuation standards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect ruling meant would win the election
Cabinet
Advisory Council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments the vice president and a few other officials selected by the President. Part of the unwritten Constitution
Casework
Activities of members of Congress that help constituents as individuals cutting through bureaucratic red tape to get people what they think they have a right to get
Categorical grants
Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending. They come with strings attached such as non-discrimination provisions
Caucus
The meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform
Checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Chief executive
Term for the president as vested with the executive power of the United States
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Outlawed discrimination based on race color religion sex or national origin
Clear and present danger Doctrine
Established in Schenck v. United States 1919 it gives the government the right to censor Free Speech if during National Emergency such as War it can be proven that the result of speech was an ethically hurt National Security
Cloture
A procedure for Community debate especially filibusters in the Senate. 60 Senator votes needed
Commander and chief
The role of the president as supreme commander of the military forces of the United States and the State National Guard units when they are called into Federal service
Congressional district
The area that you member of the House represents
Consent of the governed
The idea that government derives its Authority by sanction of the people
Consumer Price Index CPI
A measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer
Continuing resolution
Emergency budget extension measure that Congress passes when he full budget law has not been completed by the beginning of the new fiscal year October 1. Avoids government shutdown
Contract with America
In the 1994 Congressional elections Congressman Newt Gingrich had a Republican candidates sign a document in which they pledged their support for such things as a balanced budget amendment term limits for members of Congress and a middle class tax cut
Critical election
An election when significant groups of Voters change their traditional patterns of Party Loyalty
Daily tracking poll
Pools that are released every day during your campaign. They different from other tracking polls because I don’t like weekly or monthly polls there more of an instant snapshot of how a candidate is performing
Defense of Marriage Act
A law enacted by Congress in 1998 that allows states to refuse to recognize gay marriages or civil unions formed in other jurisdictions. The Supreme Court ruled that DOMA was unconstitutional in 2013
Democratic Party
One of the two major US political party founded in 1828 by Andrew Jackson support a decentralized government and states rights
Devolution
The transfer of powers and responsibilities from the federal government to the states
Direct democracy
The form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through Representatives
Discharge petition
Solution to force a bill to the house floor that has been bottled up in committee
Dissenting opinion
A statement written by a Justice who disagrees with the majority opinion presenting his or her opinion
Divided government
One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress
Division of labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers
Dual primary
We’re president candidates are selected any separately a delegates is also would it on. New Hampshire uses this type of primary
Earmarks
Special spending projects that are set aside on behalf of individual members of Congress for their constituents
Elite Theory
A theory of government and politics contending that societies are divided along class lines and that an upper-class elite will rule regardless of the formal niceties a governmental organization
Entitlements
A claim for government funds that cannot be changed without violating the rights of the claimant
Enumerated powers
Powers specifically given to the Congress in the Constitution including the power to collect taxes coin money regulate foreign and Interstate Commerce and declare war
Equal protection of the laws
Part of the Fourteenth Amendment emphasizing that the laws must provide equivalent protection to all people
Establishment Clause
Part of the First Amendment stating that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion
Executive rule
A law that prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial
Executive privilege
The privilege claimed by the president for the executive branch of the u.s. government of withholding information in the public interest
Expressed powers
Those are their powers of the national government that are spelled out expressly in the Constitution also called the enumerated powers
Federalist Party
1792 through 1816. Formed by Alexander Hamilton. Controlled the government until 1801. Wanted a strong National and state government. Opposed by Democratic Republicans
Fighting words Doctrine
Established in Champlin ski versus New Hampshire 1942 the decision incorporated into the state law concept that the government can limit Free Speech if it can be proved that the result speech will cause physical violence
Fiscal cliff
A situation in which a particular set of financial factors causes or threatens sudden and severe economic decline
Fletcher vs. Peck 1810
Decision that established the precedent that the Supreme Court could rule a state law unconstitutional
Free exercise clause
The First Amendment provision that prohibits government from interfering with the practice of religion
Freedom of Information Act 1974
Gives all citizens the right to inspect all records of federal agencies except those containing Military Intelligence or Trade Secrets increases the current bility of bureaucracy
Front-loading
The process of scheduling presidential primaries early in the primary season
Full Faith and Credit Clause
Constitution’s requirement that each state accept the public acts records and judicial proceedings of every other state
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
Gitlow vs. New York 1925
Establish Christina of paralyzing Bill of Rights playing them to the States saints cannot deny freedom of speech but I get through due process clause of amendment 14
Globalization
The process by which businesses or other organizations Philip International influence or start operating on an international scale
Grants-in-aid
Money awarded to the states by the federal government
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 1964
Give us US President Lyndon B Johnson authorization without a formal declaration of war by Congress for the use of conventional military force in Southeast Asia
Hard money
Political contributions given to a party penitent or interest group that are limited in amount and fully disclosed
Hold
A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily block the consideration of the bill or nomination
Independent executive agencies
Federal agencies that aren’t large or important enough to get departments that is. Doctors appointed by President with an advice and consent of Senate. Example. NASA. CIA. EPA
Independent Regulatory Agencies
Federal regulatory agencies that are independent this not fully under the power of the president. Example. Federal Trade Commission . Securities and Exchange Commission
Indictment
A formal charge by a grand jury
Inherent powers
Powers claimed by president that are not expressed in the Constitution but are inferred from it
Interest group
An organization of people sharing common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy
Iowa caucus
First state to hold a caucus or primary there for giving Iowa much attention during the campaign season
Iron Triangle Network
The the relationship among bureaucracies the government interest groups and the public it’s also establishes a pattern of relationships mom and agency in the executive branch Congress in one or more outside clients of that agency
Joint Committee
A committee of the house and the Senate that usually acts as a study group and reports its findings back to the house and the Senate
Judicial activism
An interpretation of the US Constitution holding that the spirit of times and it needs of the nation can legitimately influence decisions particularly decisions of the Supreme Court
Judiciary Committee
Standing committee of the Senate that has oversight responsibilities over the federal Jewish e and is responsible for conducting hearings to consider judicial nominees including nominee to the Supreme Court
Keynesian economics
Idea that governments can only believe macron economic and math through taxation and spending policies in order to Foster stable growth
Landslide election
Election in which a candidate or political party wins by a significant margin
Libel
A written defamation of a person’s character reputation business or property rights
Libertarian
One who believes in limited government interference in personal and economic liberties
Line-item veto
An executive’s ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by legislature
Linkage institutions
Institutions that connected us experiment. The mass media interest groups and political parties are the three main linkage institutions
Litigation
The process of taking legal action
Logrolling
An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other’s bills
Mandates
Drum set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants
Matching funds
Donations to presidential campaign swear by every dollar raised from individuals in amounts less than $251 is matched by the federal Treasury
McGovern Fraser Commission
A commission formed at the 1968 Democratic Convention in response to demands for form by minority groups and other who sought better representation
Medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 of age and older
Midterm election
Elections held midway between presidential elections
Minority opinion
It is such thing can you written by Justice representing a minority point of view in the losing side of the Supreme Court decision
National Committee
One of the institutions that keeps a party with braiding between conventions. The National Committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories
National Security Council
An agency in the executive office of the president that advises the president on National Security
Nationalization of the Bill of Rights
If you just your doctrine of the 14th Amendment of the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation
Necessary and proper clause. Elastic clause
A clause in Article 1 Section 8 of The Constitution that gives Congress the power to do what I redeem cesarienne constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations the basis for the implied powers
Office of Management and budget OMB
The office that prepares the president’s annual budget proposal reviews budget and programs of executive departments supplies if you want make for a cast and conducts detail analysis of proposed bills and agency rules
Original jurisdiction
New Jersey Auction of course. Case first usually in a trial these are the courts that determine the facts about a case
Pardon
A declaration of forgiveness and freedom from punishment
Party dealignment
The gradual disengagement the people and politicians from the parties I seen part by shrinking party identification
Party eras
Historical. In which majority of Voters clean to the party in power which tends to win a majority of Elections
Party identification
A Citizens self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other
Party-Line voting
Process in which voters select candidates by their party affiliation
Party machines
A centralized party organization that dominates local politics by controlling elections
Party organization
The formal structure and Leadership of a political party including election committees local state and National Executives and paid professional staff
Plessy versus Ferguson 1896
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of separate but equal
Plurality
The number of votes cast for candidate who receives more than one other but does not receive an absolute major
Pocket veto
A B-2 taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days a submitting a bill to the president who simply Let’s It Die by neither signing or vetoing it
Police power
State power to Natural laws promoting health safety and morals
Policy agenda
The issues that attract the serious attention of public officials and other people actively involved in politics at the time
Political action committee PAC
A committee set up by a corporation labor union or interest group that raises and spends campaign money for voluntary donations
Political efficacy
Believe that when two letter representation really matters that one’s vote can actually make a difference
Political party
A group of individuals with Broad common interest who organize to nominate candidates for office win elections kind of government and determine public policy
Political model
Members of Congress act as a delegate or trustee depending on the issue
Poll tax
A requirement that citizens pay tax number to register to vote
Precedent
An earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered and subsequent similar situations
Presidential primary
An election by which voters choose convention delegates committed to voting for certain candidates
Press secretary
Individual charged with interacting and communicating and journalists on a daily basis
Prior restraint
Because I’m preventing material from being published. This is a common method of limiting the press and some Nations but it usually unconstitutional I mean I did States according to the First Amendment as a confirmed in the 1931 Supreme Court case of near versus Minnesota
Privileges and immunities clause
Article 4 citizens of one state cannot be discriminated in other states
Progressive tax
A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases
Proportional voting
Each candidate receives a number of delegates equal to the percentage of the vote he or she got
Quasi-judicial
A characteristic of independent realtor agencies that give them judicial powers to interpret regulations they create
Quasi-legislative
A characteristic of independent regulatory agencies that gives them legislative powers to issue regulations
Rational Choice voting
A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of Voters as well as politicians. It assumes individuals act in their own best interest carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives
Reagan democrats
Traditional democratic middle class voters turn into Ronald Reagan during the 1980s
Reapportionment Act of 1929
Add to the provides for permanent size of the house and the numbers of seats based on the census each state should have
Regressive tax
A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases
Regulatory policy
Policy that results in government control over individuals and businesses. Examples include protection of the environment and consumer protection
Republican form of government
System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare
Reverse discrimination
The practice or policy of favoring individuals belonging to groups known to have been discriminated against previously
Riders
Amendment 2 Bill soft in the form of operations that sometimes have nothing to do with the intent over the bill itself in many times are considered to be pork-barrel legislation
Rule of law
The Restriction of the arbitrary exercise powered by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws
Rust Belt
The Northern Hemisphere states of the United States including Ohio Michigan and Pennsylvania in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s 1970s and 1980s the states lost much of their economic base to conomic attractive regions of the United States in the countries were labor was cheaper leaving oldest journey to rust in the most northern climate
Safe seat
Elected office that is predictably won by one party or the other so the success of the Party’s candidate is almost taken for granted
Sampling error
The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time
Scientific polling sample
Scientific poll uses a random sample of the population
Select Committee
A temporary that slave communities dollars for a limited time. And for a special purpose
Senate confirmation
The purpose are on an Article 2 of The Constitution giving the Senate the Authority to approve appointments made by the president
Seniority
Time of container service on a committee
Separate but equal
Principal upheld in Plessy versus Ferguson 1896 in which the Supreme Court rules are gation of public facilities was legal
Signing statement
A presidential document that reveals what the president thinks of the new land and how it ought to be enforced
Slander
The action of crime making a false spoken statement damaging to a person’s reputation
Social media
Electronic media that allows people with similar interests to participate in a social network
Social movement
A widely shared demands for change in some aspect of the social or political order
Social welfare
A nation’s system of programs benefits and services that help people meet their social economic educational and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society
Soft money
Campaign contributions are regulated by federal or state law usually given to the parties and party committees to help fund down party activities
Stare decisis
Let the decision stand decisions are based on percents from previous cases
State of the Union Address
The president’s annual semen to Congress and the nation
Suffrage
The right to vote
Super Tuesday
It’s oozing early March in which many presidential primaries physically in the South are held
Super delegates
Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the National Convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses
Supply-side economics
A school of Economics that believes tax cuts can couch in economy by raising Supply
Supremacy clause
Article 4 of The Constitution which makes the Constitution National laws and treaties Supreme Over state laws when the national government is acting within functional limits
Symbolic speech
Nonverbal communication such as burning a flag or wearing an armband. The Supreme Court has accorded some symbolic speech protection under the First Amendment
Trustee model of representation
A model of representation in which representatives are you at Liberty to act in the way they believe is best for the constituents
Two-party system
Electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections
Unalienable rights
Rights that cannot be taken away
Veto
Chief executive power to reject a bill passed by legislature
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination
Watergate
9072 Nixon fear lost so he approved the commission to elect the president to spy on and his phone to Democrats. Security guard oil and tempted by the Democratic National Committee headquarters in the Scandal. Suddenly contained at the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down
Whips
Party leader who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes before hands and lean on waivers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party
Winner-take-all system
Electoral system in which legislative seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first and their constituencies
Federalist 10
Topic equals factions interest groups minority factions controlled by majority majority faction controlled by greater size of USA plus Victorious leaders
Federalist 70
Energy in the executive is a leading character in the definition of good environment
- a feeble executive implies a favorable execution of the government
Federalist 78. Hamilton
A limited Constitution requires an independent Judiciary to check on the set of actions courts have a duty to make sure laws adhere to the Constitution and it’s a law to not declare them no avoid least powerful of the three branches
Letters from Birmingham Jail
Letter in which MLK protest explain Civil Disobedience Injustice anywhere it is threat to Justice everywhere explained by blacks were discontented to wait and the meaning of the nonviolent protest
Mcculloch versus Maryland 1819
Maryland was trying to text and National Bank and Supreme Court rule that federal law was stronger than the state law
United States versus Lopez 1995
Alfonso Lopez at South Greene High School student carry a concealed weapon into a San Antonio Texas high school he was charged under Texas law with firearm possession on school premises. The next it is State charges were dismissed after federal agents charge Lopez with violating a Federal Criminal statute the gun-free School Zones Act of 1990 the ads for bits and Englishmen only to possess a firearm ID place that he knows is a school zone. Lopez was found guilty following a bench trial and sentenced to six months imprisonment in 2 years were supervised release
New York Times company versus United States 1971
Facts of the case and what became known as Pentagon Papers case the Nixon Administration can take to prevent the New York Times and Washington Post publishing tears belonging to classify defense apartment sitting regarding hit the history of United States activities in Vietnam. The president argued that prior restraint wasn’t there to protect National Security. This case is decided together and United States post company
Citizens United versus Federal Election Commission 2010
Political spending is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment and the government may not keep corporations or unions for spending money support or denounce individual candidates in election
Planned Parenthood vs Casey 1992
Amen can I get to case in which Supreme Court loosened its standard for evaluating receptions in abortion from one of strict spent city of endless dreams and commensurate to one of undue burden sacraments considerably more regulation
Elite and class Theory
Asteria government and politics contending the societies are divided along class lines and that in upper class A light will rule Carlos of informal necessities of governmental organization
