VOCAB 8 & 9 Flashcards
Boundary
Invisible line that marks the extent of a states territory
Balance of Power
Condition of roughly equal strength between opposing countries or alliances of countries
City-state
A sovereign state comprising a city and it’s immediate hinterland
Colonialism
Attempt by one country to establish settlements and to impose its political, economic, and cultural principles in another territory
Colony
A territory that is legally tied to a sovereign state rather than completely independent
Compact state
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary doesn’t vary significantly
Elongated state
A state with a long, narrow shape
Federal state
An internal organization of a state that allocates most powers to units of local government
Fragmented state
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power
Imperialism
Control of territory already occupied and organized by an indigenous group
Landlocked state
A state that does not have a direct outlet to the sea
Microstate
A state that encompasses a very small land area
Perforated state
A state that completely surrounds another one
Prorupted state
An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs
State
Am area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
Unitary state
An internal organization of a state that places most power in the hands of central government officials
Development
A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
Fair trade
Alternative to international trade that emphasizes small business and worker-owned and democratically run cooperatives and requires employers to pay workers fair wages , permit union organizing, and comply with minimum environmental and safety standards
Foreign direct investment (FDI)
Investment made by a foreign company in the economy of another country
Gender empowerment measure (GEM)
Compares ability of women and men to participate in economic and political decision making
Gender-related development index (GDI)
Compares the level of development of women with that of both sexes
Gross domestic product (GDP)
The value of the total output of goods and services produces in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year)
Human development index (HDI)
Indicator of level of development for each country, constructed by the United Nations, combining income, literacy . Education, and life expectancy
Less developed country (LDC)
A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process oF economic development
Literacy rate
The percentage of a country’s people who can read and write
Millennium development goals
Eight international development goals that all members of the United Nations have agreed to achieve by 2015
More developed country (MDC)
A country that had progressed relatively far along a continuum of development
Primary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earths surface. Generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
Productivity
The value of a particular product compared to the amount of labor needed to make it
Secondary sector
The portion of the economy concerned with manufacturing useful products through processing, transforming, and assembling raw materials
Structural adjustment program
Economic policies imposed on less developed countries by international agencies to create conditions encouraging international trade, such as raising taxes, reducing government spending, controlling inflation, selling publicly owned utilities to private corporations, and charging citizens more for services
Tertiary sector
The portion is the economy concerned with transportation, communications , and utilities, and sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people , in exchange for payment
Transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where it’s headquarters or shareholders are located
Value added
The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
