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AP Human Geography > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

Cartography

A

The science of making maps

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1
Q

Agricultural density

A

The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture

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2
Q

Baseline

A

In East – west east line designated under the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering townships in United States

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3
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area

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4
Q

Concentration

A

The spread of something over a given area

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5
Q

Connections

A

Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

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6
Q

Contagious diffusion

A

The rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population

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7
Q

Cultural ecology

A

Geographic approach emphasizes human environment relationships

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8
Q

Culture

A

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material trait that together constitute a groups distinct tradition

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9
Q

Density

A

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

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10
Q

Expansion diffusion

A

This spread of a future or trend among people from one area to another in the snowballing process

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11
Q

Diffusion

A

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another overtime

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12
Q

Distance decay

A

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

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13
Q

Cultural landscape

A

Fashioning of a natural landscape by cultural group

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14
Q

Environmental determinism

A

A 19th – and early 20th – century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment cause human activities

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15
Q

Distribution

A

The arrangement of something across the Earth’s surface

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16
Q

Formal region or uniform or homogeneous region

A

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristic

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17
Q

Functional region or nodal region

A

An area organized around a node or focal point

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18
Q

Geographic information system GIS

A

A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

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19
Q

Global positioning system GPS

A

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

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20
Q

Globalization

A

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something world while In scope

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21
Q

Hearth

A

The region from which innovative ideas originate

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22
Q

Hierarchical diffusion

A

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

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23
Q

Land ordinance of 1785

A

A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate The sale of land to settlers

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24
Q

International dateline

A

And arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the international dateline heading east toward America, the clock moves back 24 hours or one entire day. When you go west toward Asia, the calendar moves one day

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25
Q

Latitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels Drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator 0°

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26
Q

Greenwich mean Time GMT

A

The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0° longitude

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27
Q

Longitude

A

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on the globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian 0°

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28
Q

Location

A

The position of anything on Earth surface

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29
Q

Mental map

A

A representation of a portion of its surface based on it what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where a place is located

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30
Q

Map

A

A two – dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it

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31
Q

Meridian

A

An arc drawn on a map between the north and south pole

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32
Q

Pattern

A

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area

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33
Q

Physiological density

A

The number of people per-unit area of a arable land which is in land suitable for agriculture

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34
Q

Place

A

A specific point on earth distinguished by particular character

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35
Q

Polder

A

Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area

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36
Q

Parallel

A

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to meridians

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37
Q

Prime meridian

A

The Meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory Greenwich, England

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38
Q

Principal meridian

A

A north – south line designated in the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States

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39
Q

Projection

A

The system used to transfer locations from Earth surface to a flat map

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40
Q

Regional or cultural landscape studies

A

And approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area

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41
Q

Region

A

An area distinguish by unique combination of trends of features

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42
Q

Possibilism

A

The theory that the physical environment they set limits on human actions, but people are set the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives

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43
Q

Remote-sensing

A

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long – distance methods

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44
Q

Resource

A

A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technology feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use

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45
Q

Scale

A

Generally the relationship between the portion of Earth’s being studied and Earth as a whole specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a Map and the size of an the actual feature on Earth surface

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46
Q

Relocation diffusion

A

The spread of the feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another

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47
Q

Situation

A

The location of the place relative to another

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48
Q

Site

A

The physical character of a place

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49
Q

Section

A

A square normally 1 mile on a side. The land ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections

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50
Q

Space – time compression

A

The reduction in time it takes to defuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems

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51
Q

Stimulus diffusion

A

The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

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52
Q

Toponym

A

The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface

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53
Q

Township

A

A square normally 6 miles on one side. The land ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships

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54
Q

Space

A

The physical gap or interval between two objects

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55
Q

Transnational Corporation

A

A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

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56
Q

Uneven development

A

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

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57
Q

Vernacular region or perceptual region

A

An area that people believed exists as part of their cultural identity

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58
Q

Agricultural revolution

A

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer rely entirely on hunting and gathering

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59
Q

Census

A

A complete enumeration of a population

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60
Q

Crude death rate CDR

A

The total number of deaths in the year for every onethousand people live in the society

61
Q

Crude birth rate CBR

A

The total number of live births in one year for every one thousand people live in the society

62
Q

Demographic transition

A

The process of changing the societies population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population

63
Q

Demography

A

The scientific study of population characteristics

64
Q

Arithmetic density

A

The total number of people divided by the total land area

65
Q

Doubling time

A

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming is constant rate of natural increase

66
Q

Dependency ratio

A

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

67
Q

Epidemiology

A

Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control diseases that are prevalent among the population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality

68
Q

Epidemiologic transition

A

Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

69
Q

Industrial revolution

A

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing

70
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement

71
Q

Infant mortality rate IMR

A

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year for everyone thousand live births in a society

72
Q

Life expectancy

A

The average number of years and individual can be expected to live, give current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live

73
Q

Medical revolution

A

Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. It was approved medical practices have a laminated money of the traditional causes of death in poor countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives

74
Q

Natural increase rate NIR

A

The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

75
Q

Overpopulation

A

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

76
Q

Pandemic

A

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and effects very high proportion of the population

77
Q

Physiological density

A

The number of people per-unit area of area arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture

78
Q

Population pyramid

A

Hey bargraph representing the distribution of population by age and sex

79
Q

Sex ratio

A

The number of males per 100 females in the population

80
Q

Emigration

A

Migration from a location

81
Q

Zero population growth ZPG

A

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero

82
Q

Brain drain

A

Large-scale emigration by talented

83
Q

Chain migration

A

Migration of people to specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated here

84
Q

Circulation

A

Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis

85
Q

Total fertility rate TFR

A

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

86
Q

Floodplain

A

The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends

87
Q

Counter urbanization

A

Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed country

88
Q

Guest workers

A

Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from north Africa in search of higher-paying jobs

89
Q

Forced migration

A

Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors

90
Q

Internal migration

A

Permanent movement within a particular country

91
Q

Immigration

A

Migration to a new location

92
Q

Interregional migration

A

Permanent movement from one region of the country to another

93
Q

Intervening obstacle

A

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration

94
Q

Intraregional migration

A

Permanent movement within one region of a country

95
Q

International migration

A

Permanent movement from one country to another

96
Q

Mobility

A

All types of movement from one location to another

97
Q

Migration transition

A

Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization population growth and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition

98
Q

Migration

A

Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

99
Q

Pull factor

A

Factor that induces people to move to a new location

100
Q

Push factor

A

Factor that induces people to leave old residences

101
Q

Quotas

A

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year

102
Q

Net migration

A

The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration

103
Q

Unauthorized immigrants

A

People who enter a country without proper documents

104
Q

Voluntary migration

A

Permanent movement undertaken by choice

105
Q

Refugees

A

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion

106
Q

Custom

A

The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act

107
Q

Habit

A

A repetitive act performed by particular individual

108
Q

Popular culture

A

Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics

109
Q

Terroir

A

The contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes

110
Q

Taboo

A

A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom

111
Q

British received pronunciation (brp)

A

The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom

112
Q

Creole or creolized language

A

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

113
Q

Denglish

A

Combination of German and English

114
Q

Dialect

A

A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

115
Q

Ebonics

A

Dialect spoken by some African Americans

116
Q

Extinct language

A

A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used

117
Q

Folk culture

A

Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups

118
Q

Ideograms

A

The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters and English

119
Q

Isogloss

A

A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

120
Q

Isolated language

A

A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family

121
Q

Language

A

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning

122
Q

Language branch

A

A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family

123
Q

Language family

A

A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history

124
Q

Language group

A

A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary

125
Q

Vulgar Latin

A

A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents

126
Q

Lingua Franca

A

A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages

127
Q

Literary tradition

A

A language that is written as well as spoken

128
Q

Franglais

A

A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language

129
Q

Pidgin language

A

A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages

130
Q

Official language

A

The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents

131
Q

Standard language

A

The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications

132
Q

Spanglish

A

Combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans

133
Q

Animism

A

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life

134
Q

Branch

A

Hey large and fundamental division within a religion

135
Q

Caste

A

The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law

136
Q

Cosmogony

A

A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe

137
Q

Denomination

A

A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body

138
Q

Ethnic religion

A

A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which it’s adherents are concentrated

139
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion

140
Q

Sect

A

A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

141
Q

Ghetto

A

During the Middle Ages a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

142
Q

Hierarchical religion

A

Hey religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control

143
Q

Missionary

A

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

144
Q

Monotheism

A

The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one God

145
Q

Pagan

A

A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times

146
Q

Autonomous religion

A

A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally

147
Q

Pilgrimage

A

A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes

148
Q

Solstice

A

Astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of the earth’s axis is most inclined towards or away from the sun, causing the suns apparent position in the sky to reach its most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year

149
Q

Polytheism

A

Belief in or worship of more than one God

150
Q

Universalizing religion

A

A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location

AP Human Geography (6 decks)

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