Vocab Flashcards
Cartography
The science of making maps
Agricultural density
The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture
Baseline
In East – west east line designated under the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering townships in United States
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area
Connections
Relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space
Contagious diffusion
The rapid widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Cultural ecology
Geographic approach emphasizes human environment relationships
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material trait that together constitute a groups distinct tradition
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area
Expansion diffusion
This spread of a future or trend among people from one area to another in the snowballing process
Diffusion
The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another overtime
Distance decay
The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin
Cultural landscape
Fashioning of a natural landscape by cultural group
Environmental determinism
A 19th – and early 20th – century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences. Geography was therefore the study of how the physical environment cause human activities
Distribution
The arrangement of something across the Earth’s surface
Formal region or uniform or homogeneous region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristic
Functional region or nodal region
An area organized around a node or focal point
Geographic information system GIS
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data
Global positioning system GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and result in making something world while In scope
Hearth
The region from which innovative ideas originate
Hierarchical diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Land ordinance of 1785
A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate The sale of land to settlers
International dateline
And arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross the international dateline heading east toward America, the clock moves back 24 hours or one entire day. When you go west toward Asia, the calendar moves one day
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels Drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator 0°
Greenwich mean Time GMT
The time in that zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0° longitude
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on the globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian 0°
Location
The position of anything on Earth surface
Mental map
A representation of a portion of its surface based on it what an individual knows about a place, containing personal impressions of what is in a place and where a place is located
Map
A two – dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it
Meridian
An arc drawn on a map between the north and south pole
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
Physiological density
The number of people per-unit area of a arable land which is in land suitable for agriculture
Place
A specific point on earth distinguished by particular character
Polder
Land created by the Dutch by draining water from an area
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to meridians
Prime meridian
The Meridian, designated as 0° longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory Greenwich, England
Principal meridian
A north – south line designated in the land ordinance of 1785 to facilitate the surveying and numbering of townships in the United States
Projection
The system used to transfer locations from Earth surface to a flat map
Regional or cultural landscape studies
And approach to geography that emphasizes the relationships among social and physical phenomena in a particular study area
Region
An area distinguish by unique combination of trends of features
Possibilism
The theory that the physical environment they set limits on human actions, but people are set the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives
Remote-sensing
The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long – distance methods
Resource
A substance in the environment that is useful to people, is economically and technology feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
Scale
Generally the relationship between the portion of Earth’s being studied and Earth as a whole specifically, the relationship between the size of an object on a Map and the size of an the actual feature on Earth surface
Relocation diffusion
The spread of the feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Situation
The location of the place relative to another
Site
The physical character of a place
Section
A square normally 1 mile on a side. The land ordinance of 1785 divided townships in the United States into 36 sections
Space – time compression
The reduction in time it takes to defuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems
Stimulus diffusion
The spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface
Township
A square normally 6 miles on one side. The land ordinance of 1785 divided much of the United States into a series of townships
Space
The physical gap or interval between two objects
Transnational Corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located
Uneven development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
Vernacular region or perceptual region
An area that people believed exists as part of their cultural identity
Agricultural revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer rely entirely on hunting and gathering
Census
A complete enumeration of a population
Crude death rate CDR
The total number of deaths in the year for every onethousand people live in the society
Crude birth rate CBR
The total number of live births in one year for every one thousand people live in the society
Demographic transition
The process of changing the societies population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population
Demography
The scientific study of population characteristics
Arithmetic density
The total number of people divided by the total land area
Doubling time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming is constant rate of natural increase
Dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Epidemiology
Branch of medical science concerned with the incidence, distribution, and control diseases that are prevalent among the population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality
Epidemiologic transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Industrial revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing
Ecumene
The portion of Earth’s surface occupied by permanent human settlement
Infant mortality rate IMR
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year for everyone thousand live births in a society
Life expectancy
The average number of years and individual can be expected to live, give current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live
Medical revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that is diffused to the poorer countries of Latin America, Asia, and Africa. It was approved medical practices have a laminated money of the traditional causes of death in poor countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives
Natural increase rate NIR
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Overpopulation
The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and effects very high proportion of the population
Physiological density
The number of people per-unit area of area arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture
Population pyramid
Hey bargraph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Sex ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population
Emigration
Migration from a location
Zero population growth ZPG
A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
Brain drain
Large-scale emigration by talented
Chain migration
Migration of people to specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated here
Circulation
Short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that occur on a regular basis
Total fertility rate TFR
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
Floodplain
The area subject to flooding during a given number of years according to historical trends
Counter urbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed country
Guest workers
Workers who migrate to the more developed countries of Northern and Western Europe usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from north Africa in search of higher-paying jobs
Forced migration
Permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors
Internal migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
Immigration
Migration to a new location
Interregional migration
Permanent movement from one region of the country to another
Intervening obstacle
An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Intraregional migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country
International migration
Permanent movement from one country to another
Mobility
All types of movement from one location to another
Migration transition
Change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization population growth and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition
Migration
Form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location
Pull factor
Factor that induces people to move to a new location
Push factor
Factor that induces people to leave old residences
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year
Net migration
The difference between the level of immigration and the level of emigration
Unauthorized immigrants
People who enter a country without proper documents
Voluntary migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Custom
The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act
Habit
A repetitive act performed by particular individual
Popular culture
Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
Terroir
The contribution of a locations distinctive physical features to the way food tastes
Taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social custom
British received pronunciation (brp)
The dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living in London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom
Creole or creolized language
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Denglish
Combination of German and English
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Ebonics
Dialect spoken by some African Americans
Extinct language
A language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used
Folk culture
Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups
Ideograms
The system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or a concept rather than a specific sound, as is the case with letters and English
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Isolated language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
Language
A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning
Language branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago differences are not as extensive or as old as with language families and archaeological evidence can confirm that the branches derived from the same family
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
Vulgar Latin
A form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents
Lingua Franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Literary tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken
Franglais
A term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language
Pidgin language
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communication among speakers of two different languages
Official language
The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
Standard language
The form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications
Spanglish
Combination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans
Animism
Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life
Branch
Hey large and fundamental division within a religion
Caste
The class or distinct hereditary order into which a Hindu is assigned according to religious law
Cosmogony
A set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
Denomination
A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body
Ethnic religion
A religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which it’s adherents are concentrated
Fundamentalism
Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion
Sect
A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
Ghetto
During the Middle Ages a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews, now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure
Hierarchical religion
Hey religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
Missionary
An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion
Monotheism
The doctrine or belief of the existence of only one God
Pagan
A follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
Autonomous religion
A religion that does not have a central authority but shares ideas and cooperates informally
Pilgrimage
A journey to a place considered sacred for religious purposes
Solstice
Astronomical event that happens twice each year, when the tilt of the earth’s axis is most inclined towards or away from the sun, causing the suns apparent position in the sky to reach its most northernmost or southernmost extreme, and resulting in the shortest and longest days of the year
Polytheism
Belief in or worship of more than one God
Universalizing religion
A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
