Vocab 6 Flashcards
Acute chest pain that occurs when myocardial demand exceeds its oxygen supply
Angina pectoris
Aortic insufficiency; incompetent aortic valve that allows backward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
Aortic regurgitation
Calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
Aortic stenosis
The left semilunar valve separating the left ventricle and the aorta
Aortic valve
Tip of the heart pointing down toward the 5th left intercostal space
Apex of the heart
Point of the maximal impulse (PMI); pulsation created as the left ventricle rotates against the chest wall during systole, normally at the 5th left intercostal space in the midclavicular line
Apical impulse
Broader area of heart’s outline located at the 3rd right and left intercostal spaces
Base of the heart
Cup-shaped endpiece used for soft, low-pitched heart sounds
Bell (of stethoscope)
Slow heart rate, less than 50 beats per minute in the adult
Bradycardia
Bulbous enlargement of distal phalanges of fingers and toes that occurs with chronic cyanotic heart and lung conditions
Clubbing
Severe narrowing of the descending aorta, a congenital heart defect
Coarctation of aorta
Right ventricular hypertrophy and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
Cor pulmonale
Dusky blue mottling of the skin and mucous membranes due to excessive amount of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
Cyanosis
Flat endpiece of the stethoscope used for hearing relatively high-pitched heart sounds
Diaphragm (of stethoscope)
The heart’s filling phase
Diastole
Difficult, labored breathing
Dyspnea
Swelling of legs or dependent body part due to increased interstitial fluid
Edema
Traditional auscultatory area in the 3rd left intercostal space
Erb’s point
Occurs with closure of the atrioventricular valves signaling the beginning of systole
First heart sound; S1
gallop, atrial gallop; very slow, low-pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in late diastole
Fourth heart sound; S4
The addition of a 3rd or 4th heart sound; makes the rhythm sound like the cadence of a galloping horse
Gallop rhythm
Technique of moving the stethoscope incrementally across the precordium through the auscultatory areas while listening to the heart sounds
Inching
Increase in thickness of myocardial wall that occurs when the heart pumps against chronic outflow obstruction (e.g. aortic stenosis)
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
Imaginary vertical line bisecting the middle of the clavicle in each hemithorax
Midclavicular line (MCL)
Mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole
Mitral regurgitation
Calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole
Mitral stenosis
Left atrioventricular valve separating the left atrium and ventricle
Mitral valve
Uncomfortable awareness of rapid or irregular heart rate
Palpitation
Opposite of a normal split S2 so that the split is heard in expiration, and in inspiration the sounds fuse to one sound
Paradoxical splitting
High-pitched, scratchy extracardiac sound heard when the precordium is inflamed
Pericardial friction rub
Normal variation in S2 heard as two separate components during inspiration
Physiologic splitting
Area of the chest wall overlying the heart and great vessels
Precordium
Pulmonic insufficiency; backflow of blood through incompetent pulmonic valve into the right ventricle
Pulmonic regurgitation
Calcification of pulmonic valve that restricts forward flow of blood during systole
Pulmonic stenosis
Right semilunar valve separating the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
Pulmonic valve
Occurs with closure of the semilunar valves, aortic, and pulmonic; signals end of systole
Second heart sound; S2
Abnormal mid-diastolic heart sound heard when both the pathologic S3 and S4 are present
Summation gallop
Temporary loss of consciousness due to decreased cerebral blood flow (fainting); caused by ventricular asystole, pronounced bradycardia, or ventricular fibrillation
Syncope
The heart’s pumping phase
Systole
Rapid heart rate, greater than 95 beats per minute in the adult
Tachycardia
Soft, low-pitched ventricular filling sound that occurs in early diastole (S3 gallop) and may be an early sign of heart failure
Third heart sound; S3
Palpable vibration on the chest wall accompanying severe heart murmur
Thrill
Right atrioventricular valve separating the right atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve
Test that determines the latency of the radial and ulnar arteries by compressing one artery site and observing return of skin color as evidence of patency of the other artery
Allen test
Defect or sac formed by dilation in artery wall due to atherosclerosis, trauma, or congenital defect
Aneurysm
Variation from the heart’s regular rhythm
Arrhythmia
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the arterial walls
Arteriosclerosis
Plaques of fatty deposits formed in the inner layer (intima) of the arteries
Atherosclerosis
Blowing, swooshing sound heard through a stethoscope when an artery is partially occluded
Bruit
Deficiency of arterial blood to a body part due to constriction or obstruction of a blood vessel
Ischemia
Small oval clumps of lymphatic tissue located at grouped intervals along lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Swelling of extremity due to obstructed lymph channel, nonpitting
Lymphedema
Indentation left after examiner depresses the skin over swollen edematous tissue
Pitting edema
Viewing the finger from the side to detect early clubbing
Profile sign
Pressure wave created by each heartbeat, palpable at body sites where the artery lies close to the skin and over a bone
Pulse
Regular rhythm, but force of pulse varies with alternating beats of large and small amplitude
Pulsus alternans
Irregular rhythm; every other beat is premature; premature beats have weakened amplitude
Pulsus bigeminus
Inflammation of the vein associated with thrombus formation
Thrombophlebitis
Open skin lesion extending into dermis, with sloughing of necrotic inflammatory tissue
Ulcer
Dilated tortuous veins with incompetent valves
Varicose veins
Beats have weaker amplitude with respiratory inspiration, stronger with expiration
Pulsus paradoxus
