Vocab Flashcards
amphiarthroses
slightly moveable joints between two body surfaces connected by cartilage
anatomic postion
reference body stance
anterior
toward the front
antibodies
proteins produced by immune cells that bind to specific antigens; also called immunoglobulins
articular cartilage
layer of hyaline cartilage covering the bone surfaces of synovial joints
articulate
to form a connection or junction between two or more bones
auditory ossicles
three very small bones (malleus, incus, stapes) found in the middle ear space, transmit sound from outer ear to inner ear
avascular
tissue with little/no blood supply
avulsion
ripping or tearing away of one tissue from another
avulsion fracture
fracture caused indirectly by the pull of a ligament or tendon
bone seportion
removal of bone tissue via the action of osteoclasts
callus
repair tissue that forms at a bone fracture site that transitions from a meshwork of fibrin and collagen to bone
cartilage
smooth, shiny, and resilient fibrous connective tissue that absorbs shock; at movable joints, it enhances movement by reducing friction. Mature cartilage has little/no blood supply
caudal
inferior
chondroblasts
cartilage-producing cells; immature cartilage cells
collagen fibers
most abundant fibers in connective tissues; composed of a stacked arrangement of collagen protein molecules; abundant in bone, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissues (tendons & ligaments)
coronal
anatomic plane that divides the body into front and back sections
diaphysis
middle part (shaft) of a long bone between the epiphyses
diarthroses
hinge-type joints that allow free movement of the two connected bones
endosteum
membrane lining of the internal (medullary) cavity of a bone
enzyme
protein that enables and catalyzes a specific chemical reaction in living systems
epiphyseal plate
cartilage region between the epiphysis and shaft of a long bone; its expansion underlies longitudinal growth of the bone; also called the growth plate
epiphysis
expanded end portion of a long bone
facet
small, smooth articulation surface on a bone (lateral and medial facets of the patella which articulate with the Lat ant condole and Med ant condole of the femur respectively:
fossa
surface depression
fibroblasts
collagen-producing cells of fibrous connective tissue
fibrocartilage
cartilage containing a relatively high collagen fiber content; it is relatively compressible and resistant to stretch
force
action that alters the state of rest or motion
growth factors
substances that promote bone growth and remodeling during development and fracture repair; produced by cells found primarily in bone, fibrous connective tissue, and blood vessels
hematoma
mass of clotted blood that forms at an injury site following disruption of blood vessels
hematopoiesis
process of forming the blood cells of the body
hormones
organic molecules released into the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions
hyaline
most abundant cartilage type in the body; semitransparent and somewhat stiff, it provides firm support
hydroxypatite
mineral part of bone composed of hard, calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide crystals that form on collagen fibers in bone matrix
hyoid bone
U-shaped bone in the net that supports the root of the tongue…it is not articulated by any other bone but is supported by the next muscles
inferior
positioned away from the head, toward the feet
insertion
distal attachment point of a muscle; opposite of origin
joint stability
structural integrity of a joint and the degree to which it resists exceeding its normal range of motion
kinematics
description of body movement without considering forces that caused the movement
ligaments
fibrous connective tissue bands that span joints, adhering to articular ends of bones; they limit the degree of movement and contribute to joint stability
lipids
fat
load
force applied to an object
matrix
material that fills the spaces between connective tissue cells, consisting primarily of fibrous proteins, proteoglycans, fluid, and other molecules
metaphysis
portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis; it is continuous with the epiphysis in an adult
minerals
inorganic substances that exhibit a crystalline strucutre and characteristic color and hardness; salts
nociceptive
stimulating specific pain receptors by injury to a body tissue
ossification
process of forming bone tissue
origin
proximal attachment point of a muscle
osteoblasts
bone-producing cells; immature bone cells
osteoclasts
bone-removing cells
osteocytes
mature bone cells
osteogenic cells
immature stem cells in bone that differentiate and become osteoblasts
osteons
basic units of cortical bone, each consisting of a central canal and surrounding lamellae
osteoid
component of bone matrix produced and secreted by osteoblasts; consists of a fluid containing primarily collagen fibers and proteoglycans
periosteum
double-layered membrane covering the entire external bone except for the joint surfaces
phagocyte
type of white blood cells that engulfs and digests debris or foreign substances to remove them from a tissue site
posterior
toward the back of the body
proprioceptive
stimulating specific receptors within muscles, tendons, and joint capsules that provide information on body movements
proteoglycans
molecules found in connective tissues, consisting of a core protein surrounded by polysaccharides; the higher the polysaccharide content, the more gelatinous the tissue
range of motion
amount of normal rotational movement allowed in each plane for a given joint; typically expressed in degrees, relative to a zero point
receptors
peripheral nerve endings of sensory neurons specialized to detect and respond to specific stimuli
sacrum
wedge-shaped bone formed by the fusion of the five sacral vertebrae
subchondral bone
bone directly beneath and cartilaginous surface; usually referring to the bone beneath the articular cartilage
superior
positioned toward the heady away from the feet
suture
immovable fibrous joint; characteristic of most skull joints
synarthroses
immovable joints made by fibrous or cartilage connective tissue
synovial joints
freely movable joints characterized by the presence of a joint cavity and articular capsule
tendons
dense fibrous connective tissue cords that connect skeletal muscles to bone; typically extend from each end of the muscle to the bone surface; where they fuse with the periosteum
tendon sheath
specialied fluid filled sacs (bursae) that surround tends subjected to friction
torque
force acting about an axis of rotation
trabeculae
small spikes or plates of bone that collectively form the infrastructure of cancellous bone; the lines seen in trabeculae show stress patterns
valgus
angular deformity of the limb..AWAY from the midline “knock-kneed”
varus
angular deformity of the limb….TOWARDS the midline “bow-legged”
vascular
rich blood supply
