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Lymphatic > Vocab > Flashcards

Vocab Flashcards

0
Q

Lymph contains solutes from two sources

A

A) substances in plasma: ions, gas, nutrients, proteins

B) substances derived from cells: hormones, enzymes, waste

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1
Q

Lymph

A

3L of fluid that enter lymphatic capillaries.

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2
Q

Lacteals

A

Lymphatic system absorbs lipids from digestive tract. In small intestine

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3
Q

Chyle

A

Lipids enter lacteals then pass into venous circulation. Lymph called chyle.

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4
Q

Lymphatic system includes

A

Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue, nodules, nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

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5
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

Begin as small, dead-end tubes

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6
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Resemble small veins.

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7
Q

Three major mechanisms for moving lymph

A

1) contraction of lymphatic vessels
2) contraction of skeletal muscles
3) thoracic pressure changes

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8
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Round, oval, bean shaped bodies. Filter lymph!!!!

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9
Q

Flow of lymph

A

Capillaries, vessels, nodes, trunk, duct

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10
Q

Lymphatic trunk

A

Vessels converge to form larger vessel (trunks) that drain major portion of body

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11
Q

Jugular trunk

A

Drains head and neck

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12
Q

Subclavian trunk

A

Drains upper limbs, thoracic wall, mammary glands

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13
Q

Bronchomediastinal trunks

A

Drain thoracic organs and deep thoracic wall

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14
Q

Intestinal trunks

A

Drain abdominal organs

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15
Q

Lumbar trunks

A

Drain lower limbs, pelicans and abdominal walls, ovaries, tested, kidneys, adrenal glands

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16
Q

Lymphatic ducts

A

Lymphatic trunks connect to form ducts

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17
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

20% of people: three trunks join to form a short duct that joins right thoracic vein

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18
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Largest. Drains lymph from right side inferior to thorax and entire left side of body

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19
Q

Cisternae chyli

A

In a some people, lymphatic trunks form a sac

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20
Q

Two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

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21
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Makes up lymphatic tissue. Fine collagen fibers. Lymphocytes attach and filter lymph

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22
Q

Nonencapsulated

A

Lymphatic tissue that is not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule

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23
Q

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

MALT

A

Aggregations of nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue. Found in and beneath mucous membranes lining digestive, respiratory urinary and reproductive tracts.

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24
Q

Examples of MALT

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue, nodules, tonsils.

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25
Q

Lymphatic organs with a capsule

A

Nodes, spleen, thymus

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26
Q

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

A

Contains dispersed lymphocytes, macrophages. No clear boundary, blends in with surrounding tissues. Within nodes and spleen

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27
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

Denser arrangements of lymphatic tissue. Numerous in loose connective tissue of digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive

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28
Q

Peyer patches

A

Nodules in distal half of small intestine and appendix

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29
Q

Lymphatic follicles

A

Lymphatic nodules found in nodes and spleen

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30
Q

Tonsils

A

Large groups of nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue

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31
Q

Three groups of tonsils.

A

Palatine, pharyngeal, lingual

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32
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Usually referred to. Oval lymphatic masses on each side of throat.

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33
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Near junction of nasal cavity and pharynx (when enlarged, called adenoid)

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34
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

Posterior surface of tongue

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35
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Small, round, bean shaped. Distributed along vessel. Filter lymph

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36
Q

Superficial lymph nodes,

Deep lymph nodes

A

Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin, deep are everywhere else

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37
Q

Capsule

A

Dense connective tissue that surrounds each lymph node

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38
Q

Trabeculae

A

Extensions of the capsule, form delicate internal skeleton of lymph node

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39
Q

Lymphatic sinuses

A

Reticular fibers extend across open spaces

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40
Q

Medulla

A

Inner layer. Medullary cords

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41
Q

Afferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph to lymph nodes

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42
Q

Efferent lymphatic vessels

A

Carry lymph away from nodes

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43
Q

Germinal centers

A

Areas of rapid lymphocyte division. Especially in lymphatic nodules if cortex

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44
Q

Spleen

A

Clenched fist, left, superior part of abdominal cavity. FILTERS BLOOD

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45
Q

White pulp

A

Lymphatic tissue surrounding the arteries within the spleen. ANTIBODIES

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46
Q

Red pulp

A

Associated with veins. MONOCYTE storage

47
Q

Periarterial lymphatic sheath

A

Composed of diffuse lymphatic tissue surrounding arteries and arterioles extending to lymphatic nodules

48
Q

Splenic cords

A

Network of reticular cells that produce reticular fibers

49
Q

Venous sinuses

A

Enlarged capillaries between the splenic cords

50
Q

Splenic vein

A

Venous sinuses and trabecular veins unite and leave spleen

51
Q

Splenectomy

A

Removal of the spleen

52
Q

Thymus

A

Bilobed gland. Superior mediastinum.

53
Q

Lobules

A

Trabeculae of thymus divide it into lobules

54
Q

Thymic corpuscles

A

Function in development of regulatory T cells

55
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

Suppress body’s immune response and protect against autoimmune diseases.

56
Q

Immunity

A

Ability to resist damage from foreign substances

57
Q

Innate immunity

A

Nonspecific resistance. Body recognizes and destroys certain foreign substances, but the response to them is the same each time the body is exposed.

58
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Specific immunity. Response is faster and stronger each time foreign substance is encountered

59
Q

Specificity

A

Ability of adaptive immunity to recognize a particular substance

60
Q

Memory

A

Ability of adaptive immunity to remember previous encounters of a substance

61
Q

Main components of innate immunity

A

1) physical barriers
2) chemical mediators
3) phagocytosis and chemicals

62
Q

Chemical mediators

A

Molecules responsible for many aspects of innate immunity.

63
Q

Cytokines

A

Proteins or peptides secreted by cells that bind to receptors on cell surfaces, stimulating a response. Interferons, interleukins, lymphokines

64
Q

Complement

A

Group of 20 proteins that make up 10% of plasma. Normally inactive until complement cascade.

65
Q

Surface chemicals

A

Lysozymes (tears, saliva, nasal, sweat) lyse cells. Acid (sebum, hydrochloride acid) prevent growth or kill microorganisms

66
Q

Histamine

A

Released from mast cells, basophils, platelets. Causes vasodilalation and permeability

67
Q

Kinins

A

Derived from plasma proteins. Vasodilalation, permeability, stimulate pain receptors, attract neutrophils

68
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins from most cells, interfere with virus production and infection. Perhaps some forms of cancer

69
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Group of lipids, cause smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilalation, permeability and pain receptors

70
Q

Leukotrienes

A

From mast cells and basophils. Cause prolonged smooth muscle contraction (lung bronchioles) permeability, neutrophils, eosinophils

71
Q

Pyrogens

A

Stimulate fever production

72
Q

Complement cascade

A

Series of reactions where each component activates the next

73
Q

Alternative pathway

A

Part of innate immunity. Complement protein C3 becomes active (by proteins in cell surfaces)

74
Q

Classical pathway

A

Adaptive immunity.

75
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

Produces a channel through the plasma membrane . Na and water enter cell and cause it to lyse

76
Q

Optimization

A

Complement proteins attach to the surface of bacterial cells and stimulate macrophages to phagocytize

77
Q

Interferons - how?

A

Bind to the surface of neighboring cells and stimulate them to produce antiviral proteins. Innate.

78
Q

Neutrophil

A

Phagocytosis and inflammation.

79
Q

Monocyte

A

Leaves blood and enters tissue to become a macrophage

80
Q

Macrophage

A

Most effective phagocyte. Later stage of infection and tissue repair.

81
Q

Basophils

A

Motile, enters tissues, releases inflammatory chemicals

82
Q

Mast cells

A

Nonmotile cell in connective tissue that promotes inflammation

83
Q

Eosinophils

A

Parasitic infection, asthma and allergies

84
Q

Natural killer cell

A

Lyse tumor and virus infected cells innate

85
Q

B cell

A

After activation, differentiates to become plasma cell or memory B cell

86
Q

Plasma cell

A

Adaptive.

Produces antibodies

87
Q

Memory B cell

A

Quick and effective response to an antigen after previous encounter. Responsible for adaptive immunity

88
Q

Cytotoxic T cell

A

Responsible for destroying cells. By lysis or by producing cytokines

89
Q

Helper T cell

A

Activates B cells and cytotoxic T cells

90
Q

Regulatory T cell

A

Inhibits B cells, helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

91
Q

Memory T cell

A

Quick and effective response from previous encounter. Responsible for adaptive immunity.

92
Q

Dendritic cell

A

Processes antigen and is involved in activation if B cells and T cells

93
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

Antibodies found in interstitial fluid and lymph. B cells give rise to cells that produce antibodies.

94
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for cell meditated immunity.

95
Q

Helped T cells and regulatory T cells

A

Promote or inhibit both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immunity

96
Q

Positive selection

A

Survival of pre-B and pre-t cells that are capable of an immune response

97
Q

Clones

A

B cells and T cells that can respond to antigens are composed of small groups of identical lymphocytes

98
Q

Negative selection

A

Eliminates or suppresses clones acting against self antigens. Mostly during prenatal development

99
Q

Primary lymphatic organs

A

Red bone marrow, thymus. Where lymphocytes mature

100
Q

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

A

Lymphocytes interact with each other and antigens to produce an immune response. Lymphatic tissue, nodules, tonsils, nodes, spleen

101
Q

Antigenic determinants

A

Epitopes. Specific regions of a given antigen recognized by a lymphocytes.

102
Q

Antigen receptors

A

Identical protein on a lymphocyte that bind to a specific determinant in an antigen

103
Q

Major histocompatibility complex molecules MHC

A

Glycoproteins found on plasma membranes of most of the body’s cells

104
Q

MHC class I molecules

A

On nucleated cells: they display antigens produced inside the cell on the cells surface

105
Q

MHC class II molecules

A

Found on antigen presenting cells. B cells, macrophages, monocytes, destructive cells

106
Q

Constimulation

A

Accomplished by cytokines released from cells and by molecules attached to the surface of cells

107
Q

Lymphokines

A

Cytokines produced by lymphocytes

108
Q

Tolerance

A

State of unresponsiveness of lymphocytes to a specific antigen

109
Q

Opsonins

A

Substances that make an antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis

110
Q

Plasma cells

A

Produce antibodies

111
Q

Cell mediated immunity is most effective against

A

Intercellular microorganisms through the action of cytotoxic T cells. Involves delayed hypersensitivity reactions and control tumors

112
Q

Cytotoxic T cells effects

A

Lyse cells and produce cytokines.

113
Q

Perforin

A

Major method of lysis. Forms a channel in target membrane to allow water inside

114
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Altering immune system function or directly attacking harmful cells

115
Q

Antiserum

A

Plasma minus clotting factors. Passive artificial immunity

Lymphatic (2 decks)

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