vocab

Question 1

selective incorporation

Answer 1

states cannot create laws that infringe or take away the constitutional rights of citizens; Supreme Court has affirmed that almost all of the protections of the Bill of Rights also apply to state Governments based on the due process clause.

Question 2

rights of the accused

Answer 2

• Writ of the Habeas Corpus: if you are imprisoned the government must provide a reason for why you are imprisoned
• 14th Amendment’s Due Process clause have established that requires all individuals to have a fair procedures before depriving someone of life, liberty, or property; Protects against government treating you unfairly during the process

Question 3

freedom of religion

Answer 3

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion (establishment clause), or prohibiting the free exercise thereof (free exercise)

Question 4

freedom of expression

Answer 4

ability of an individual to express their beliefs, thoughts, ideas, and emotions about different issues free from government censorship

Question 5

rights to privacy

Answer 5

• Not explicitly mentioned in the Bill of Rights
• Supreme Court has interpreted the Bill of Rights as implying a right to Privacy from government interference

Question 6

civil liberties

Answer 6

• protections against government actions and tyranny (Bill of Rights. Due Process Clause)
• Protection from government action against you

Question 7

civil rights

Answer 7

protect individuals from discrimination by the government and other entities. Civil Rights guarantee equality (Equal Protection Clause)
Protection from discrimination based on race, religion, national origin, sex, gender, etc. Ensures equal treatment under the law

Question 8

social movements

Answer 8

a type of group action. They can be formal or informal, and normally are aiming to achieve change in society

Question 9

civil rights movement

Answer 9

• Many social movements leverage pressue to political institutions to enact change
• Sweeping law outlaws discrimination nationwide for businesses, etc, ends segregation

Question 10

Title IX

Answer 10

sweeping law bans gender discrimination in schools

Question 11

affirmative action

Answer 11

• Active policy to encourage equality among races/sexes etc.
• Goal to lead to diverse populations, encourage equality
• Courts have ruled against affirmative action plans by schools and governments if they only take race into account
• Can be used as part of a broader application system