Viticulture and Vinification Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary species of vine used for fine wine production?
A
Vitis vinifera
2
Q
What is viticulture?
A
The study of grape growing
3
Q
What is the first step in the annual vine cycle?
A
Budbreak
4
Q
When does budbreak typically occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
A
March or April
5
Q
At what temperature will budbreak initiate?
A
50 degrees Fahrenheit / 10 degrees celcius
6
Q
What are embryo bunches?
A
Small green clusters that form on the shoots of a vine by mid-April
7
Q
How long after budbreak does flowering typically occur?
A
6-13 weeks after budbreak (depending on the climate)
8
Q
When does budbreak typically occur in the Southern Hemisphere?
A
September or October
9
Q
What happens after embryo bunches form?
A
Flowering
10
Q
How long does flowering typically occur?
A
10 days
11
Q
Are vitis vinifera vines self-pollinating?
A
Yes
12
Q
What does vine self-fertilization lead to?
A
Fruit set
13
Q
What is fruit set?
A
The process in which flowers become fruit and potential fruit size is determined
14
Q
What is shatter?
A
When a grape cluster fails to develop into maturity. The grapes fall from the vine and are unusable
15
Q
What is coulure?
A
The French word for shatter
16
Q
When does véraison typically occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
A
July to September
17
Q
What does vendange mean?
A
Harvest
18
Q
During which months does vendange occur in the Northern Hemisphere?
A
September to October
19
Q
Which color of grapes are generally harvested first? Are there exceptions?
A
White is generally first. Late harvest and botrytized white grapes are often harvested last
20
Q
What is hang time?
A
The amount of time grapes spend on the vine
21
Q
When does véraison typically occur in the Southern Hemisphere?
A
January to March
22
Q
During which months does vendange occur in the Southern Hemisphere?
A
March to April
23
Q
What factors influence climate?
A
Expected temperature/rainfall/sunshine/wind
24
Q
What is weather?
A
The daily manifestation of climate
25
What is the difference between climate and weather?
Weather can vary. Climate is relatively stable
26
In what temperature range do vines thrive?
50-68 fahrenheit / 10-20 Celcius
27
What is the ideal temperature for vines to thrive?
57 fahrenheit / 14 Celcius
28
What average summer temperature do red grapes prefer to ripen?
70 Fahrenheit / 21 Celcius
29
What average summer temperature do white grapes prefer to ripen?
66 Fahrenheit / 19 Celcius
30
Between which latitudes is grape growing generally restricted to?
30-50 degrees
31
How are degree days calculated?
Multiply the number of days in each month during the growing season (April 1 to October 31) by the average number of degrees over 50 Fahrenheit for that month.
32
What is the California Heat Summation Index?
A method to categories climates based on temperature. 5 regions and six categories are based on the number of heat days
33
What is CHSI Region Ia?
850-1.111 days Celcius
34
What is CHSI Region Ib?
1.111-1.389 days Celcius
35
What is CHSI Region II?
1.389-1.667 days Celcius
36
What is CHSI Region III?
1.667-1.944 days Celcius
37
What is CHSI Region IV?
1.944-2.222 days Celcius
38
What is CHSI Region V?
2.222-2.700 days Celcius
39
What is the minimum number of sunshine hours necessary to support viticulture?
1.300 hours
40
How many centimeters of rain do vines need?
51-76 cm annually
41
What is water stress?
A condition caused by too little rain that promotes small berry size and yields. Can lead to total vine shutdown in extreme cases
42
What effect can too much rain have on a vine?
Dilute fruit quality
Increase risk of fungal diseases
43
What does terroir mean?
The complete system of the living vine
44
What is a macroclimate?
The climate of an entire region
45
What is mesoclimate?
The climate of a specific vineyard
46
What are some factors that affect mesoclimate?
Aspect (the degree and direction of a vineyard's slope)
Shelter of a vineyard
47
What is a microclimate?
The climate around a vine canopy (all parts of the vine above ground)
48
What are some canopy management techniques that can affect microclimate?
Winter pruning
Leaf removal
Shoot positioning
Trellising
49
Which soil type produces better wines: low-fertility or rich soils?
Low fertility
50
What is the relationship between soil pH and grape pH?
Inverse. High soil pH leads to low grape pH. Low soil pH can be a detriment to vine growth
51
What technique can counteract low soil pH?
Application of lime to the soil
52
What are some reasons that a producer would use a grape clone?
Disease resistance
Hardiness
Yield
Aromatics
Structure
Color
53
What is clonal selection?
Cuttings are taken from a single desirable plant
54
What is massal selection?
Cuttings are taken from a variety of desirable plants within a vineyard
55
In which region is mass selection popular?
Burgundy
56
What are some reasons a producer would use mass selection?
Reinforce positive and eliminate negative traits through appropriate selection
Increase genetic diversity
57
What is a scion?
The upper part of a vine grafted onto a rootstock
58
After how many years will a newly planted vine need before producing grapes suitable for harvest?
3 years
59
After how many years is a vine considered mature and stable?
6 years
60
After how many years are vines typically considered uneconomical?
50 years
61
Describe cordon-training
Each vine has a permanent cordon that extends from the trunk. Shoots emerge from this can each season
62
Describe head-training
Each vine has no permanent cordon. Just a head (knob).
63
Which training method commonly requires trellising?
Cordon-training
64
Are head-trained vines spur or cane pruned?
Both
65
Are cordon-trained vines spur or can pruned?
Spur
66
What is a spur?
A cane that is cut back to two buds
67
Describe spur-pruning
The upper cane growing from the spur is pruned each winter. The lower cane growing from the same spur will be pruned down to two buds
68
Describe cane pruning
Each vine maintains one spur and one cane
69
Who developed the Guyot system?
Dr. Jules Guyot in 1860
70
What is the Guyot system?
A cane-pruning/head-training system with a vertical trellis on which the canes can be suspended. Each vine has one spur and one two-year old cane
71
What is the Guyot Double system?
Same as Guyot but supports two canes growing outward apart from each other
72
What is the Gobelet system?
A spur-pruning/head-training system where the vines are unsupported and form the shape of a goblet.
73
Where is the Gobelet system commonly used?
Southern Rhône
Southern Italy
74
What is the Gobelet system called in Italy?
Albarello
75
What is the Gobelet system called in Spain?
En vaso
76
What is the Cordon de Royat system?
A spur-pruned/cordon-trained system commonly used for Pinot Noir in Champagne. Similar to Guyot. There is a single spur-pruned permanent cordon extending horizontally from the trunk.
77
What is the Geneva system?
Spur-pruned/cordon-trained where cordons extend outward from the trunk in a flat U shape
78
What is Vertical Shoot Positioning?
A trellising system that can be used for both spur- and cane-pruned vines
79
What is the Tendone system?
Vines are trained upward and overhead along wooden frames or trees so that workers can pass underneath. Vines can be spur- or cane-pruned
80
What is the Tendone system called in Italy?
Pergola
81
What is the Tendone system called in Portugal?
Enforcado
82
What are the four main groups of vine diseases?
Fungal
Viral
Bacterial
Phytoplasma
83
In which climates are fungal diseases most common?
Warm and damp climates
84
How does a fungal disease affect vines?
By attacking either the root system or the canopy
85
What are two of the most worrisome fungal diseases?
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
86
How are viral diseases spread?
Through grafting or insects
87
What is a phytoplasma?
Pathogen similar to bacteria. Symptomatically similar to viral diseases. Can only be spread through grafting or insects
88
What are grapevine yellows?
Another name for phytoplasmic diseases
89
When did phytoplasmic diseases first appear in Europe?
Mid-1990s
90
What is the scientific name for phylloxera?
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
91
How does phylloxera affect vines?
Feeds on the roots
92
Where does phylloxera come from and how to it get to Europe?
Eastern United States. Came to the Southern Rhône in 1863 through imported cuttings
93
Where is phylloxera not present?
Chile
94
What soil type is a natural barrier to phylloxera?
Sandier soils
95
What is the common name for oidium?
Powdery mildew
96
What is the scientific name for oidium?
Uncinula necator
97
Where is oidium native to?
North America
98
In what conditions does oidium thrive?
Humid yet dry conditions
99
How does oidium affect vines?
Covers all green parts with dusty white mildew. Inhibits bunch development and ripening. Creates off flavors in wine
100
How can oidium be controlled?
Sulfur and other fungicides
101
What type of disease is oidium?
Fungal
102
What is the common name for peronospora?
Downy mildew
103
What is the scientific name for peronospora?
Plasmopara viticola
104
Where is peronospora native to?
North America
105
In what conditions does peronospora thrive?
Warm moist and humid environments
106
How does peronospora affect vines?
Attacks the green portions. Causes leaves to drop off and limits the vine's ability to photosynthesize.
107
How can peronospora be controlled?
Bordeaux Mixture (copper sulfate/water/lime spray)
108
What type of disease is peronospora?
Fungal
109
What is the common name for Eutypa Dieback?
Dead arm
110
What is the scientific name for Eutypa Dieback?
Eutypa lata
111
In what conditions does Eutypa Dieback thrive?
Mediterranean climates
112
How does Eutypa Dieback affect vines?
Carried by rain and enters vines through pruning wounds. Stunts shoot growth and releases toxins that can eventually kill the cane. Affects a crop's yield but not quality
113
What is another fungus commonly confused with Eutypa Dieback?
Phomopsis viticola
114
What type of disease is Eutypa Dieback?
Fungal
115
What is the common name for Esca?
Black Measles
116
What is the scientific name for Esca?
There is no single species responsible for Esca. It is a complex of fungi
117
In what conditions does Esca thrive?
Warmer climates. Can be found worldwide
118
How does Esca affect vines?
Young vines: weaken growth, affect berry development, and discolor leaves. Older vines: causes the trunk's interior to soften and rot from the inside
119
How is Esca spread?
Wind
Pruning shears
120
What type of disease is Esca?
Fungal
121
What is the scientific name for Black Rot?
Guignardia bidwelli
122
Where is Black Rot native to?
North America
123
In what conditions does Black Rot thrive?
Warm and humid weather
124
How does Black Rot affect vines?
Black spots on the shoots, leaves, and berries. Leads to yield reduction
125
How can Black Rot be controlled?
Fungicide sparys
126
What type of disease is Black Rot?
Fungal
127
What is the scientific name for Bunch Rot?
There is no single species responsible for Bunch Rot. It is a complex of fungi
128
In what conditions does Bunch Rot thrive?
Warm weather and high humidity
129
How does Bunch Rot affect vines?
Reduces yield
Adds moldy off-flavors to the wine
130
What is the difference between grey rot and noble rot?
Both Botrytis. Grey rot breaks down grape skin and causes yeast and other bacteria to rot the fruit. Noble rot is awesome
131
What type of disease is Bunch Rot?
Fungal
132
What is the scientific name for Pierce's Disease?
Xylella fastidiosa
133
What type of disease is Pierce's Disease?
Bacterial
134
How does Pierce's Disease spread?
By the glassy-winged grasshopper
135
How does Pierce's Disease affect vines?
Prevents vines from producing chlorophyll and kills them within 1 to 5 years
136
Where is Pierce's Disease found?
Souther US
Mexico
Now moving up California
137
How can Pierce's Disease be controlled?
It can't
138
What is the scientific name for Crown Gall?
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
139
What is another name for Crown Gall?
Black Knot
140
How does Crown Gall affect vines?
Causes tumor (gall) growth on the vine. Essentially strangles the vine and withers or kills the portion of the vine above the tumor
141
What type of disease is Crown Gall?
Bacterial
142
In what conditions does Crown Gall thrive?
Colder climates
143
What is the scientific name for Bacterial Blight?
Xanthomonas ampelina
144
What type of disease is Bacterial Blight?
Bacterial
145
How does Bacterial Blight affect vines?
Young grapevine shoots develop dark brown streaks in early spring. They eventually wither and die
146
How is Bacterial Blight spread?
Rain/Compromised pruning tools
147
How can Bacterial Blight be controlled?
Hot water treatments
Copper sprays (Bordeaux Mixture)
148
What causes Leafroll Virus?
A complex of at least nine different viruses
149
What type of disease is Leafroll Virus?
Viral
150
What percentage of the world's grapevine loss is attributable to Leafroll Virus?
60%
151
How does Leafroll Virus affect vines?
Turns the leaves red and gold. Causes leaves to curl downward. Reduces yields and delays ripening
152
How is Leafroll Virus spread?
Propogation of infected vines/Insects
153
What type of disease is Fanleaf degeneration?
Viral
154
How does Fanleaf degeneration affect vines?
Curtails yields to the point that vineyards must be removed. Also deforms shoot growth: causes poor fruit set: and seedless berries.
155
How is Fanleaf degeneration spread?
Soil nematodes feeding on roots
156
What type of disease is Flavesence Doreé?
Phytoplasma
157
Where did Flavesence Doreé first appear and when?
Armagnac in 1949
158
How is Flavesence Doreé spread?
Leafhopper insects
Propogation of infected vines
159
What effect does Flavesences Doreé have on vines?
Delays budbreak
Causes slow shoot growth
Bunches fall off the vine
Berries shrivel
160
When were genetically modified yeasts first used in North American winemaking?
2006
161
What are the requirements in the US and Australia for organic wines?
No synthetic treatments
Certain filtration procedures are forbidden
No added sulfites/Use organically-grown grapes
162
What is Integrated Pest Management?
A holistic view to weed, insect, and disease problems. Allows for targeted use of synthetic products.
163
Who is credited with inventing biodynamics?
Rudolf Steiner in 1924
164
What organization internationally certifies vineyards as biodynamic?
Demeter Biodynamic Trade Association
165
What is vinification?
The transformation of grape juice into wine
166
What are the two by-products of fermentation?
Ethanol
CO2
167
Why is sulfur dioxide added to wine?
Prevent oxidation
Prevent bacterial contamination
Ensure rapid fermentation
168
What chemical is considered a sign of oxidation in finished wines?
Acetaldehyde
169
What process creates volatile acidity?
Acetaldehyde is converted into acetic acid. Acetic acid reacts with alcohol to produce ethyl acetate
170
What bacteria turns wine into vinegar in the presence of air?
Acetobacter
171
Why does hydrogen sulfide form in wine?
Low levels of nitrogen in the must means that yeast can't work 100%
172
At what temperature does a must begin to lose flavor and stop fermenting?
95 Fahrenheit / 35 Celcius
173
What is the relationship between vessel size and fermenting temperature?
Increaseing. Small vessels = slow and cool fermentation. Large vessels = hot and short
174
Does barrel fermentation need temperature control?
No. The small size of the barrels likely ensures that temperatures do not rise too much
175
What is bâtonnage?
Lees stirring
176
What is chaptalization?
Process of adding sugar to the must to increase the final alcohol level and glycerin content of wine
177
What are spinning cones used for?
Removes alcohol from wine. Often found in the New World.
178
Describe reverse osmosis
Used to reduce a wine's alcohol content. Wine is separated into two parts: permeate and retentate. Permeate is distilled to the right alcohol level then remixed with the retentate
179
What is permeate?
One of the two by-products of reverse osmosis. Contains water and ethanol
180
What is retentate?
One of the two by-products of reverse osmosis. Contains the wine's aromatic compounds
181
Is reverse osmosis legal in the EU?
Yes as of 2009. As long as it does not adjust the wine's alcohol level by more than 2%
182
What is acidification?
The addition of either tartaric or malic acid to a must or finished wine to balance a wine
183
Which acid is preferred in acidification?
Tartaric acid prior to fermentation
184
What is the chemical by-product of malolactic fermentation?
Diacetyl
185
What is MOG?
Material other than grapes
186
What is cold soak?
A pre-fermentation maceration technique that uses high amounts of sulfur dioxide and cold temperatures
187
What are anthocyanins?
Color compounds found in grape skins. A class of phenolics
188
What is pommace?
Grape solids
189
What is remontage?
The process of pumping a fermenting wine over the cap to break it
190
What is délestage?
The process of draining the fermentation vessel followed by pumping the must back over the cap
191
What is vin de goutte?
High-quality free run wine
192
What is vin de presse?
The wine pressed from the pommace after the vin de goutte has been run off. Vin de presse is typically coarser and more tanninc than vin de goutte
193
What is élevage?
Maturation period of a wine
194
What is soutirage?
Racking. The movement of wine from one vessel to another to aerate and clarify the wine of its lees.
195
When in the winemaking process does malolactic fermentation occur?
Either quickly at the end of fermentation or slowly during maturation
196
What is collage?
Fining. Precipitates solids out of the wine
197
What are some fining agents?
Egg white
Isinglass
Gelatin
Bentonite
Casein
198
What is bentonite?
A type of clay used in fining. Good for vegans
199
What is débourage?
A period of settling after white grapes have been pressed
200
What is cold stabilization?
A process whereby tartrate crystals are preciptated out of white wine
201
At what temperature does cold stabilization occur?
25 Fahrenheit / -4 Celcius
202
What is Süssreserve?
Sterilized fresh grape juice added back to wine to increase its sweetness
203
Do white wines matured in oak undergo malolactic fermentation?
Often
204
What is rose blending's legal status in the EU?
Illegal for wines under PGI level
205
What is saignée?
Bleeding pink juice from a vessel to concentrate the remaining must for red wine production
206
What is microbullage?
Micro-oxygenation
207
What factors affect the flavor imparted by an oak barrel?
Level of toast
Type of wood
208
What species of tree produce French oak?
Quercus robur
Quercus petraea
209
What species of tree produce American oak?
Quercus alba
210
What are the three stages of barrel making?
Chauffage/Cintrage/Bousinage
211
What is chauffage?
Warming of wood to make a barrel
212
What is cintrage?
Shaping of wood for a barrel
213
What is bousinage?
Toasting
214
Teinturier grapes
Grapes with red skin and red flesh
Caused by natural mutation
Alicante Bouschet
Saperavi
Chambourcin
