Viticulture Flashcards
What is the ideal temperature for white grape to ripen?
66F (WHITE)
(the vine itself needs 57F)
(latitude 30° and 50°)
reds 70
What is the ideal temperature for red grapes to ripen?
70F (RED)
(the vine itself needs 57F)
(latitude 30° and 50°)
whites 66
How do you calculate Degree Days?
X days in each month of the growing season (April fools to Halloween) by average # of degrees over 50°F.
Add those up = Degree Days
Degree days by region.
Region Ia
1,500-2,000°F
Region Ib
2,000-2,500°F
Region II
2,500-3,000°F
Region III
3,000-3,500°F
Region IV
3,500-4,000°F
Region V
4000 - 4900°F
What is the min required sunlight fr vine growth?
1300 hours
20-30 inches of rain
What are the three Climate categories.
MACRO - region
MESO - Vineyard
MICRO - around each vine
What is “selection massale”
- grower to select budwood for replanting from a number of vines throughout the vineyard
- grower will attempt to increase positive traits and eliminate negative traits.
- a broader genetic diversity is maintained.
- The budwood selection, or scion, is then usually grafted onto separate rootstock
When is a grape vine considered mature?
6th year
Give 2 other names for Gobelet Training
ALBARELLO - Italy
EN VASO - Spain
BUSHVINES - Australia
What training system is primarily used in Champagne?
Cordon de Royat (for PN)
VSP is used for what type of pruned vines?
(Vertical Shoot Positioning)
Cane pruned
Spur Pruned
Give 2 other names for the Tendon System of training.
ENFORCADO - Portugal
PERGOLA - Italy
The Pergola system in Italy is known as what in the USA?
Tendon System (Enforcado in Portugal)
En Vaso and Albarello are examples of what in the USA?
Gobelet training.
What are the 4 categories of vine disease?
fungal
viral
bacterial
phytoplasma
What is Phylloxera’s actual name?
Daktulosphaira vitifoliae
Dak-Too-loess-pheye-rah / villo- f eye
How many stages on life does a Phylloxera aphid have?
18 stages / 4 cycles
Who identified Phylloxera as the cause of the vine deaths in Europe?
Dr Jules Emile Planchon
University of Montpellier
What is Powdery Mildew?
(aka. Iodium / Fungal)
- (Uncinula necator fungus)
- thrives even in humid yet dry conditions-doest like rain
- affects all green parts of the plant
- prefers shade
- inhibits bunch development and ripening
- infected pre flowering, yields reduced
- infected after fruit set, berries will struggle to achieve veraison and reach full size.
- affected fruit, avoided as it creates off-flavors in the wine.
What is Downey Mildew?
(aka. Pernospera / Fungal)
- (Plasmopara viticola) the agent of downy mildew, attacks the green portions of the vine
- leaves fall, prevent photosynthesize.
- white, cottony growth develops on the underside of the leaves.
- dry regions prohibit its growth.
- The blue-staining Bordeaux Mixture,
(copper sulfate, water and lime) (1885)
What is the technical term for “Dead Arm”?
Eutypa Dieback / Fungal
- caused by Eutypa lata fungus.
- Spread by rain / through pruning wounds
- Common in Mediterranean climates
- stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins
- Phomopsis viticola, manifests as a similar disease
What is Pomopsis Viticola?
Similar to Dead Arm
What are the Black Measles officially known as?
Esca / Fungal
- warmer climates
- no known control or cure
- result of a complex of fungi
- weakens growth / berry development / discolor leaves
- spread by wind / pruning shears
What fungus causes Black Rot?
Guignardia bidwelli
Gwen-Are-dee-ah / bid well-ee
What % of humidity does Botrytis need to germinate?
90%
List 3 Bacterial Disease.
Pierces Disease
Crown Gall (Black Knot)
bacterial Blight
Xylella fastidiosa causes what vine disease?
Pierces Disease (bacterial)
- transmitted by the glassy-winged sharpshooter
- renders vines incapable of producing chlorophyll and killing it within one to five years.
- no cure or chemical control for the disease
Give an example of a vine disease you would find in colder climates.
Crown Gall (bacterial)
What is Crown Gall?
(Black Knot)
- caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium
- vine develops tumors (galls) on its trunk
- thrive in colder climates, and systemically live inside the
- spread through the propagation of bacteria-infected budwood.
What are two viral disease.
Leafroll Virus
Fanleaf Degeneration
What vine disease is responsible for roughly highest percentage of the world vine destruction?
Leafroll Virus
What is Leafroll Virus?
- caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses
- vines colour red and gold
- downward curling of the leaves
- reduced yields and delayed ripening
- spread by infected vines / insect vector like the mealy bug
- will not kill the vine / not always removed
What is Flavescence Dorée
(Phytoplasma Disease)
- form of grapevine yellows
- Leafhopper insects / propagation of infected vines spread the disease
- delay budbreak and slow shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine
- discolors leaves
- No cure exists
Who pioneered Biodynamics and when?
Rudolf Steiner in 1924
Austrian
How does Rudolf Steiner’s Guild work?
Numbers 500-508
500 / 501 - foliar sprays to stimulate growth
502 / 507 - compost inoculation
508 - a foliar spray to suppress fungal disease
What components are used to stimulate vine growth in Biodynamics?
Cow Manure (500) Horn Silica (501)
What components are used to compost inoculation in Biodynamics?
Yarrow - (502) Chamomile - (503) Stinging-Nettle - (504) Oak bark - (505) Dandelion - (506) Valerian - (507)
What components are used to combat fungal disease in Biodynamics?
Horse Tail Plant - (508)
Xylella fastidiosa causes what vine disease?
Pierces Disease. (a bacterium)
spread by glassy winged sharp shooters
What is Drosophila suzukii and how does it work?
Japanese fruit fly.
2014 harves in Champagne, Rhone, Germany
(only attacks red fruit)
(lays eggs under skin, 1 day to hatch, creates vinegar smoke, near impossible to detect)
What was the most problematic threat to the 2014 harvest in most of Eastern France?
Drosophila suzukii
Japanese fruit fly
