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Viticulture / Vinification RGS CMS > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the ideal temperature for white grape to ripen?

A

66F (WHITE)
(the vine itself needs 57F)
(latitude 30° and 50°)

reds 70

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2
Q

What is the ideal temperature for red grapes to ripen?

A

70F (RED)
(the vine itself needs 57F)
(latitude 30° and 50°)

whites 66

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3
Q

How do you calculate Degree Days?

A

X days in each month of the growing season (April fools to Halloween) by average # of degrees over 50°F.

Add those up = Degree Days

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4
Q

Degree days by region.

A

Region Ia
1,500-2,000°F

Region Ib
2,000-2,500°F

Region II
2,500-3,000°F

Region III
3,000-3,500°F

Region IV
3,500-4,000°F

Region V
4000 - 4900°F

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5
Q

What is the min required sunlight fr vine growth?

A

1300 hours

20-30 inches of rain

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6
Q

What are the three Climate categories.

A

MACRO - region

MESO - Vineyard

MICRO - around each vine

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7
Q

What is “selection massale”

A
  • grower to select budwood for replanting from a number of vines throughout the vineyard
  • grower will attempt to increase positive traits and eliminate negative traits.
  • a broader genetic diversity is maintained.
  • The budwood selection, or scion, is then usually grafted onto separate rootstock
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8
Q

When is a grape vine considered mature?

A

6th year

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9
Q

Give 2 other names for Gobelet Training

A

ALBARELLO - Italy
EN VASO - Spain
BUSHVINES - Australia

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10
Q

What training system is primarily used in Champagne?

A

Cordon de Royat (for PN)

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11
Q

VSP is used for what type of pruned vines?

A

(Vertical Shoot Positioning)
Cane pruned
Spur Pruned

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12
Q

Give 2 other names for the Tendon System of training.

A

ENFORCADO - Portugal

PERGOLA - Italy

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13
Q

The Pergola system in Italy is known as what in the USA?

A 
Tendon System
(Enforcado in Portugal)
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14
Q

En Vaso and Albarello are examples of what in the USA?

A

Gobelet training.

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15
Q

What are the 4 categories of vine disease?

A

fungal

viral

bacterial

phytoplasma

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16
Q

What is Phylloxera’s actual name?

A

Daktulosphaira vitifoliae

Dak-Too-loess-pheye-rah / villo- f eye

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17
Q

How many stages on life does a Phylloxera aphid have?

A

18 stages / 4 cycles

18
Q

Who identified Phylloxera as the cause of the vine deaths in Europe?

A

Dr Jules Emile Planchon

University of Montpellier

19
Q

What is Powdery Mildew?

A

(aka. Iodium / Fungal)
- (Uncinula necator fungus)
- thrives even in humid yet dry conditions-doest like rain
- affects all green parts of the plant
- prefers shade
- inhibits bunch development and ripening
- infected pre flowering, yields reduced
- infected after fruit set, berries will struggle to achieve veraison and reach full size.
- affected fruit, avoided as it creates off-flavors in the wine.

20
Q

What is Downey Mildew?

A

(aka. Pernospera / Fungal)
- (Plasmopara viticola) the agent of downy mildew, attacks the green portions of the vine
- leaves fall, prevent photosynthesize.
- white, cottony growth develops on the underside of the leaves.
- dry regions prohibit its growth.
- The blue-staining Bordeaux Mixture,
(copper sulfate, water and lime) (1885)

21
Q

What is the technical term for “Dead Arm”?

A

Eutypa Dieback / Fungal

  • caused by Eutypa lata fungus.
  • Spread by rain / through pruning wounds
  • Common in Mediterranean climates
  • stunted shoot growth as the fungus releases toxins
  • Phomopsis viticola, manifests as a similar disease
22
Q

What is Pomopsis Viticola?

A

Similar to Dead Arm

23
Q

What are the Black Measles officially known as?

A

Esca / Fungal

  • warmer climates
  • no known control or cure
  • result of a complex of fungi
  • weakens growth / berry development / discolor leaves
  • spread by wind / pruning shears
24
Q

What fungus causes Black Rot?

A

Guignardia bidwelli

Gwen-Are-dee-ah / bid well-ee

25
Q

What % of humidity does Botrytis need to germinate?

A

90%

26
Q

List 3 Bacterial Disease.

A

Pierces Disease
Crown Gall (Black Knot)
bacterial Blight

27
Q

Xylella fastidiosa causes what vine disease?

A

Pierces Disease (bacterial)

  • transmitted by the glassy-winged sharpshooter
  • renders vines incapable of producing chlorophyll and killing it within one to five years.
  • no cure or chemical control for the disease
28
Q

Give an example of a vine disease you would find in colder climates.

A

Crown Gall (bacterial)

29
Q

What is Crown Gall?

A

(Black Knot)

  • caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens bacterium
  • vine develops tumors (galls) on its trunk
  • thrive in colder climates, and systemically live inside the
  • spread through the propagation of bacteria-infected budwood.
30
Q

What are two viral disease.

A

Leafroll Virus

Fanleaf Degeneration

31
Q

What vine disease is responsible for roughly highest percentage of the world vine destruction?

A

Leafroll Virus

32
Q

What is Leafroll Virus?

A
  • caused by a complex of at least nine different viruses
  • vines colour red and gold
  • downward curling of the leaves
  • reduced yields and delayed ripening
  • spread by infected vines / insect vector like the mealy bug
  • will not kill the vine / not always removed
33
Q

What is Flavescence Dorée

A

(Phytoplasma Disease)

  • form of grapevine yellows
  • Leafhopper insects / propagation of infected vines spread the disease
  • delay budbreak and slow shoot growth, eventually causing bunches to fall off the vine
  • discolors leaves
  • No cure exists
34
Q

Who pioneered Biodynamics and when?

A

Rudolf Steiner in 1924

Austrian

35
Q

How does Rudolf Steiner’s Guild work?

A

Numbers 500-508
500 / 501 - foliar sprays to stimulate growth
502 / 507 - compost inoculation
508 - a foliar spray to suppress fungal disease

36
Q

What components are used to stimulate vine growth in Biodynamics?

A 
Cow Manure (500)
Horn Silica (501)
37
Q

What components are used to compost inoculation in Biodynamics?

A 
Yarrow - (502)
Chamomile - (503)
Stinging-Nettle - (504)
Oak bark - (505)
Dandelion - (506)
Valerian - (507)
38
Q

What components are used to combat fungal disease in Biodynamics?

A

Horse Tail Plant - (508)

39
Q

Xylella fastidiosa causes what vine disease?

A

Pierces Disease. (a bacterium)

spread by glassy winged sharp shooters

40
Q

What is Drosophila suzukii and how does it work?

A

Japanese fruit fly.
2014 harves in Champagne, Rhone, Germany
(only attacks red fruit)
(lays eggs under skin, 1 day to hatch, creates vinegar smoke, near impossible to detect)

41
Q

What was the most problematic threat to the 2014 harvest in most of Eastern France?

A

Drosophila suzukii

Japanese fruit fly

Viticulture / Vinification RGS CMS (2 decks)

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