Vinification Flashcards by Robert Stelmachuk

*What creates volatile acidity in wine?

Acetaldehyde converts to Acedic acid which the alcohol and creates volatile acidity.
Acetaldehyde - Aceidic Acid - Volatile Acidity.

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*What causes Volatile Acidity to be a fault in wine?

excessive acetic acid has been produced by the acetobacter (bacteria responsible for turning wine to vinegar) in the presence of oxygen.
Yeasts require nitrogen to work, and low levels of nitrogen in the must leads to the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a highly volatile compound reminiscent of rotten eggs.
H2S levels may also be affected by the addition of SO2
access acetic acid and oxygen

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In degrees, what temperature does Yeast live?

50°F to activate
113°F dies
(50F-113F)

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*Give two examples of wild yeast?

Kloeckera

Candida genera

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*What is Ambient Yeast?

naturally occurring in the winery not the vineyard

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Name 2 méthodes for reducing (removing) alcohol form wine/

Spinning Cones

Reverse Osmosis

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What are the stages of reverse osmosis?

Permeate - water / alcohol -distilled/added to retentate

Retentate - wines aromatic compounds

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What is the difference between ‘Pigage’, ‘Remontage’ and ‘Delestage’?

Pigeage - punching down
Remontage - pumping over
Delestage - drain whole tank. Refill

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What is the difference between Vin de Goutte and Vin de Presse?

Vin de Goutte - free run (high quality)

Vin de Presse - pressed wine at the end

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What is Soutriage?

‘Racking’ movement of wine from its barrel, to a clean barrel.

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Define collage.

‘Fining’ of a wine

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What is debourbage?

(white wine making)

- stage where the juice settles

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At what temperature do tartrate crystals precipitate out of the wine?

(during cold stabilization)

- around 25F degrees

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To produce rose, blending is prohibited in the EU for what wines?

Wines below PGI level.

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What is the difference between ‘Maceration’ and ‘Saignee’ in the production of Rose wine?

Maceration :
leaving juice in contact with skins to extract color.
Saignee :
intentional by product of red wine making.

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Name 2 types of French oak trees.

French - Quercus robur / Quercus petraea
American - Quercus alba

(cork - Quercus Suber)

Which oak traditionally gets slit VS sawn.

French Oak

Which oak gets kiln dried?

American Oak

French - air dried

What are the 3 stages of shaping a barrel?

CHAUFFAGE - Warming

CINTRAGE - Shaping

BOUSINAGE - Toasting

*What is Buttage?

adding earth around the base of a newly grafted vine to protect it from cold temperatures.

*What is the name of the traditional method of trodding grapes?

FOULAGE

*What is Foulage?

Crushing of the grapes

Traditional grapes by foot

*What is ‘hedging’?

Trimming excessive growth from the top of a canopy.

What is al alternative to ‘Hedging’?

“PALISSAGE”
Hedging - trimming the excess at the top of a vine
Palissage - tucking them into the top row horizontally

*What oak forest is closest to Lyon?

Allier

*What oak forest os closest to Bordeaux?

Limousin

*What oak forest is closest to Alsace?

Vosge

*What Oka forest is closest to Champagne?

Fontainebleau

*What oak forest(s) is located in Germany?

Palatinat | Ettelbruck

*what is abscission?

dropping of fruit or leaves.

*what causes Coloure?

metabolic reactions to weather conditions. (aka shatter) (cold/coudy/rain OR extreme heat spikes that are not normal) ( Grenache, Malbec, Merlot, and Muscat Ottonel)

How can a winemaker avoid Volatile Acidity?

1. avid oxidation - keep barrels topped up 2. add sulphites after fermentation 3. control temperature of fermentation 4. sanitize. everything

*What is NapStep?

-protectant against Brett | 30g/hl - during rehydration

*What is chitosan?

A fining agent (+) | exoskeleton / crustacean

Name 2 fining agents. One (+) charged One (-) charged

Bentonite(-) - Volcanic clay formed from Volcanic ash - discovered in Wyoming - expands to 20X its side when hydrated Chitosan(+) - the structural element of the exoskeletons of crustaceans Egg Whites(+) Gelatine(+) - animal protein Isinglass(-) - collagen, extracted from the swim bladders of fish Kieselsol(-) - silicon dioxide Sparkalloid (+) - polysaccharides and diatomaceous earth (the fossilized skeletons of hard shelled algae) Metatartaric Acid Pectic enzyme/pectinase (enzyme) PVPP (Poly-vinyl-poly-pyrrolidone) (no charge)

What is Cintrage?

Step in barrel making | SHAPING

What is Sessil Oak?

type of French oak. (Quercus petraea) | finer grain - French