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MASTERY OF WINE > Viticulture > Flashcards

Viticulture Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Factors of Production

A

Location
Climate
Topography
Soil
Grape Varieties planted
Viticultural practices
Vinification practices
Harvest
Yearly weather
Terroir
Regional wine laws
Historical Background

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2
Q

What are the factors of Location

A

Site Selection
Goals of Winery
Regional Laws
Financial Constraints

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3
Q

What are the Factors of Climate

A

30-50 degree latitudinal zones
Descriptions of climate- Macro, Meso, Micro
Definers of climate- Weather patterns

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4
Q

Name 4 Climate definition Types

A

Continental
Maritime
Mediterranean
High Desert

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5
Q

How would you describe a Continental Climate

A

Strong annual variation of temperature
Lack of significant bodies of water that moderate
Hotter summers
Cold winters that could be extreme

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6
Q

How would you describe a Maritime Climate

A

Influenced by a large body of water such as sea or ocean
Marked with mild temperature that can fluctuate
Higher threshold of vintage variation

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7
Q

How would describe a Mediterranean Climate

A

Summers are hot and dry
If coastal, summer are mild due to proximity to cold water currents
Prone to storms from cold water currents

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8
Q

How would you describe a High Desert climate

A

Summer are hot and dry
Daytime temperatures high but drastically drop in the evening

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9
Q

Names 6 factors that affect climate

A

Diurnal shift
Sunshine hours
Threats: forces of nature (below)
Frost
Hail
Strong winds

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10
Q

What is Diurnal Shift

A

Difference in average daytime high temp and nighttime low temp

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11
Q

What are sunshine hours

A

Hours a vineyard received over a growing season

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12
Q

What are potential threats to a vineyard

A

Frost or freeze
Hail
Strong winds

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13
Q

Why is hail a threat

A

Can shatter grapes on the vine

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14
Q

Why are strong winds a threat

A

Strong winds can blow over vines preventing grapes from growing

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15
Q

What is important about climate moderators

A

They can either cool down or warm up a region

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16
Q

Name 5 major climate moderators

A

Bodies of water
Mountains
Altitude/elevation
Wind

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17
Q

Name three variations of bodies of water

A

River
Lake
Oceans

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18
Q

Why are mountains important?

A

They protect regions

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19
Q

What is the importance of rain shadows?

A

They can block whole weather patterns allowing region to be protected

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20
Q

What is important about altitude?

A

With every hundred meters 1° of temperature drops

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21
Q

What does altitude provide for hot growing regions?

A

Prolongs grape growing season and provides balance for wines

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22
Q

What is the importance of wind within a vineyard?

A

coming from a cool region, can moderate with cold air blowing through and cooling region
Coming from a warm region can moderate with warm drier air preventing mold and rot

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23
Q

What are common topographical features that moderate vineyards

A

Local elevation
Hillside/valley floor
Directional aspect
Proximity to water

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24
Q

What is the major difference between planting a vineyard on slope vs valley floor?

A

Drainage

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25
Q

What is a benefit to planting on a hillside?

A

Better drainage of soil
Lower chance of frost

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26
Q

What is a disadvantage to planting a vineyard on the slope or hillside?

A

Less fertile soil due to erosion
Harder period of harvest and maintenance during growing season

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27
Q

What is an advantage of planting on valley floor

A

Pooling air
Soil fertility

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28
Q

What are the disadvantages of planting within a valley floor?

A

Hyperactive soil fertility
Prone to frost

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29
Q

What are the most important things about soil types

A

Drainage of water
Water retention
Sun reflection

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30
Q

What are the 8 main and common soil types

A

Granite
Limestone
Marl
Schist
Clay
Sand
Silt
Gravel

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31
Q

What are the parts of the grape

A

Skins
Pulp

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32
Q

What are the attributes of the skins

A

Tannins
Color
Flavor

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33
Q

What are the attributes of the pulp

A

Water
Sugar
Acids
Seeds/pips

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34
Q

What are further attributes of the pulp

A

Water- majority sits in pulp
Sugars- increase as grapes ripen
Acids- decrease as grapes ripen
Seeds/pips- add bitterness if pressed

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35
Q

To which Genus do grapes belong to

A

Vitis

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36
Q

What are the major three Vitis species

A

Vinifera
Riparia
Labrusca

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37
Q

Where is the Vitis Vinifera Species native to

A

Mediterranean
Europe
Southern Western Asia

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38
Q

Is Vitis Vinifera the most common of the Vitis?

A

Yes, 10,000 varieties

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39
Q

What is the most foremost factor of planting varietals within a vineyard

A

Local wine law

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40
Q

What are the most important factors of varietals after wine law?

A

Climate compatibility
Soil compatibility

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41
Q

What is the most common factor of soil compatibility?

A

Will the grape grow within the vineyard given the soil type

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42
Q

What are the most common factors of Climate compatibility

A

Will the grape be suited to locale
Will it ripen
Is it too hot to find balance in grape quality

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43
Q

What is the term viticultural propagation a synonym for

A

Grape vine breeding

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44
Q

What would a hybrid grape breed classify as

A

Two or more different species combined to produce a new variety

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45
Q

What would a cross grape breed classify as?

A

Vines of the same species combined to create a new variety

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46
Q

What is the definition of a clone?

A

Identical reproduction of a single vine

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47
Q

What are the most important effects of cool climate connections

A

Grapes ripen slowly and moderately
Less sugar is produced
Acidity remains high
Less alcohol is produced
Flavors are more tart and lean

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48
Q

What is the connection behind warm climate and wine style

A

Grapes ripen fully
More sugar is produced
Acidity is lower
Higher alcohol content
Flavors are more lush ripe and juicy

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49
Q

What is the connection behind warm climate and wine style

A

Grapes ripen fully
More sugar is produced
Acidity is lower
Higher alcohol content
Flavors are more lush ripe and juicy

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50
Q

What is vineyard architecture

A

How vines will be laid out

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51
Q

What is vine spacing

A

How vines will be placed in rows

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52
Q

What does vine spacing dictate

A

How closely or further out vines can be spaced

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53
Q

What is the definition of vine training?

A

How vines will grow based on vineyard manager
They can be controlled for grapes leaves or wood

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54
Q

What does vine training control

A

Grapes
Leaves
Wood

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55
Q

What is the definition of yields

A

How much fruit a vine can produce

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56
Q

How can yields be measured

A

Tons of grapes per hectare
Hectoliters per hectare
Pounds/kilos per vine

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57
Q

What is green harvest

A

Process of dropping or cutting unripe bunches of grapes before harvest to decrease yields to allow vines to focus energy on fewer but more high quality bunches

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58
Q

What is canopy management

A

Managing the growth of vines leaves
Determines shade/exposure to bunches and create or stop air flow

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59
Q

What is irrigation

A

Providing vines with water through varying methods
This process may be allowed or not based on gov

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60
Q

What is Phylloxera

A

Vine louse that decimated 1/3 of worlds vines
One of the world’s greatest threats in history
Occurred in 1800’s

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61
Q

What is the purpose of fertilizers

A

Either chemical or organic compounds that provide soil fertility
Provides nutrients to vines

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62
Q

What is the purpose of anti fungal treatments in vineyards

A

Applications sprayed to ward and minimize mildew and rot that would compromise fruit quality

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63
Q

What are the most important factors to harvest

A

Grape maturity
Sugar ripeness
Physiological ripeness
Tannin ripeness

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64
Q

What distinguishes grape maturity

A

Grape variety
Goals by winemaker
Sugar ripeness
Physiological ripeness
Tannin ripeness

65
Q

What is the significance of vineyard passes

A

Picking only ripe grape and leaving underripe ones

66
Q

What are major factors of vineyard harvest

A

Harvest: Hand harvest vs mechanical harvest
Bin size: small vs large

67
Q

What are the benefits of hand harvesting

A

Greater selectivity of bunches
Care during harvest allows farmers to weed leaves pests and animals

68
Q

What are the negatives of hand harvesting

A

Labor intensive
Time consuming

69
Q

What are the benefits of mechanical harvesting

A

Economical and rapid
Can increase quality during harsh summers and protection during storms

70
Q

What are the downsides to mechanical harvesting

A

Machines are much less precise and shake fruit off
This brings not only fruit but pests leaves animals

71
Q

What are the downsides to large bins for harvest

A

Can result in bursted berries or clusters due to heavy weight
Compromised quality
Possible premature fermentation

72
Q

What are the upsides of small bins

A

Limits the number of cluster that can be contained
Limits weight of fruit

73
Q

What is the definition of terroir

A

Entire set of factors that influence the development of the vines fruit and characteristics of the fruit once vinified

74
Q

What is the brush on a grape

A

What remains attached to the stems when grapes are destemmed

75
Q

What is important about the skin for red wines

A

Contain tannin
Clotting matter
Compounds that contribute to flavor
Yeast on skin

76
Q

What happens to the stem/stalk at the end of the ripening process

A

Stems turn from green/ fleshy to brown and woody

77
Q

What is the importance of the pips of the grape

A

They are all different for grape varieties
Release bitter tannins if crushed

78
Q

What does the flesh of a grape contain

A

Grape sugars
Acids
Flavor compounds
Water

79
Q

What color is the flesh of grapes

A

Grey-ish color

80
Q

What allows grapes to ferment and gain complexity

A

Natural high sugar to ferment with
Naturally high tartaric acid

81
Q

Why is tartaric acid beneficial to grapes

A

Naturally good at warding bacteria
Eagerness to ferment due to natural yeast on grapes

82
Q

Why is fermentation important to wine

A

Conversion by yeasts of sugars to alcohol
Making juice less sweet and more potent

83
Q

What is the color of embryonic wine

A

Cloudy pale straw

84
Q

How does embryonic wine become white

A

The solids precipitate out

85
Q

How do yeasts function

A

Without the presence of oxygen

86
Q

What protects the fermenting juice from oxygen

A

Bubbling carbon dioxide
Pushing skins to surface

87
Q

What preserves red wine for long term aging

A

Tannin

88
Q

What provides structure in red wines

A

Tannin

89
Q

Within what year of the life of the vine can wine not properly be made

A

Within the first 1-4 years
Young vines are busy creating root systems and trunks

90
Q

What is the difference between modern and wild vines

A

Wild vines are vigorous- making long leafy branches
Modern vines are utilized to ripen grapes

91
Q

Principal roots of the vine grow how far deep

A

100FT/30M

92
Q

When can a vine be harvested for great fruit?

A

3-6 years at the minimum

93
Q

Around what age are vines pulled out and why?

A

25-30 year old
Uneconomic levels of yields

94
Q

What is a viable option for old or crippled vines?

A

Grafting to old rootstock by inserting new cutting in trunk

95
Q

At what point do vines risk freezing points

A

5°F

96
Q

How long does the growing season last

A

150-190 days

97
Q

What is the most dangerous thing to vines when they have budded

A

Spring frost

98
Q

Why is spring frost decimating to vines

A

New buds have just recently opened and are tender

99
Q

What do high tech companies do to combat frost

A

Utilize textiles to improve improve new buds

100
Q

When do the stomata of leaves close

A

At temperatures higher than 86°F

101
Q

What is a common occurrence in warm maritime climates during winter

A

Vines may not fall dormant and pests become more prevalent

102
Q

What does diurnal shift allow winemakers to have

A

Steady and long growing seasons

103
Q

Where would ultraviolet radiation be most prevalent and what area on earth

A

High altitude vineyards
New Zealand

104
Q

What does high light radiation do to grapes

A

Create high levels of tannins
Dense thick skins
Intensely colored wines

105
Q

What is the average rainfall for temperate climates

A

20 inches / 500mm

106
Q

What amount of rain is needed in hotter climates

A

30 inches / 750mm

107
Q

If varieties are drought tolerant what would they look like within a vineyard

A

Spread out as much as possible

108
Q

What is the solution for regions that don’t have enough rainfall

A

Irrigation

109
Q

What the most common pitfalls of irrigation

A

Quality and consistency of water utilized

110
Q

What is a common problem in water consistency in hotter areas

A

Salt in water

111
Q

What happens to a vine if under shortage of water

A

Water stress

112
Q

What is water stress

A

When a vine runs short of water and begins producing smaller grapes with thick skins
Increased concentration of color

113
Q

What happens to vines during severe drought

A

Complete shut down and survival tactic of vine

114
Q

What happens during torrential downpour for vines

A

As long as there is proper drainage the vine can survive

115
Q

What does excessive rainfall mean for the vines

A

Easily catchable fungal disease

116
Q

What does excessive rainfall mean for the vines

A

Easily catchable fungal disease
Growth of many shoots
Unripe grapes

117
Q

What happens with unsettled or cool weather during flowering

A

Affects amount and quality of fruit set

118
Q

What is the downfall to heavy rain before harvest

A

Grapes begin to swell / burst
Sugar / acid / flavor is diminished

119
Q

What is the downfall to hail

A

Destroy crop
Break vine shoots
Bruise trunks
(Last the whole season)

120
Q

What are common solutions to hail

A

Netting
Shockwaves to clouds

121
Q

What can potentially happen with strong winds in the vineyard in early harvest

A

Break shoots
Affect flowering

122
Q

What can constant wind stress do to vines

A

Can stop photosynthesis
Delay ripening process

123
Q

What is a common solution for wind stress

A

Wind breaks

124
Q

How can wind be beneficial for viticulture

A

Wind can mitigate heat
Dry out vineyards that are damp
Minimize fungal disease

125
Q

What is vineyard zoning

A

The science of geology, geomorphology, pedology together

126
Q

What is the purpose of vineyard zoning for future vineyards

A

The ability to know what land plots to buy
Modifications to land
Planting what varietals

127
Q

What are cover crops

A

Crops planted in between vines

128
Q

What is the most important thing about terroir?

A

The extent in which water and nutrients are available

129
Q

What are some moderators of terroir (soil based)

A

Water
Nutrients
Microorganisms

130
Q

What are vineyard soil moderators

A

Age
Composition
Texture
Structure
Depth
Drainage

131
Q

What do soil moderators affect

A

Fertility
Water holding capacity
Temperature
Quality
Quantity

132
Q

What happens when soil is too fertile for vines

A

Too much vigor
Excessive shoots
(If shaded) leafy / green profile

133
Q

What governs the fertility and root water access

A

Texture and structure of soil

134
Q

What is generally the best portion of a slope

A

Middle section
Due to weathering and erosion

135
Q

What are the major 3 types of rocks based on origin

A

Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

136
Q

What influences vineyard topography geologically

A

Hardness of bedrock
Susceptibility to erosion

137
Q

What does vineyard topography effect

A

Ability of roots access to water / nutrients
Accentuating / mitigating climactic influences

138
Q

What are a crucial sign to soil health

A

Earthworms
Organic matter
Microbes

139
Q

What are the extremes of nitrogen in soil

A

Too rich: high yielding vines that fail to ripen
Too low: yeasts in fermentation begin to struggle

140
Q

What practice can encourage microbial life in soil

A

Organic viticulture
Growing cover crops

141
Q

Vitis vinifera was categorized by what scientist

A

Carl Linnaeus
1753

142
Q

When was phylloxera found in England

A

1863
The first of Europe

143
Q

After England what country was attacked next

A

1866
France

144
Q

Where in France did Phylloxera first strike

A

Southern Rhône and Languedoc
1866

145
Q

Where does Phylloxera attack after Rhône and Languedoc

A

Bordeaux
1869

146
Q

Where does Phylloxera strike after France

A

Portugal / Turkey
1871

147
Q

After Turkey / Portugal where does Phylloxera strike

A

Austria
1872

148
Q

After Austria where does Phylloxera attack

A

Switzerland
1874

149
Q

Where does phylloxera strike after Switzerland

A

Italy - 1875
Victoria, Australia - 1875 / 1876

150
Q

Where does Phylloxera strike after Italy and Australia

A

Spain
1878

151
Q

When does Grafting onto American rootstock take place and where

A

1878
France

152
Q

Where does Phylloxera strike after Spain

A

Germany
1881

153
Q

After the major spread of phylloxera in Europe where is it found next

A

Algeria - 1885
Croatia - 1897
Greece - 1898

154
Q

Where does Phylloxera spread in the new world in the 1980’s

A

California

155
Q

Where does phylloxera spread in the 1990’s

A

Oregon and New Zealand

156
Q

Where does Phylloxera spread in the 2000’s

A

2006
Yarra Valley / Victoria AUS

157
Q

What are the two major fungal diseases that plague the 19th century for vines

A

Powdery mildew
Downy mildew

158
Q

What is a common fungal disease when spraying and using a tractor

A

Grey rot - Botrytis bunch rot

159
Q

What are other common diseases for vines

A

Pierce disease - bacterial disease which kills vines in 5 yrs
Grapevine yellow - also spread by leafhopper
Esca
Eutypa dieback

MASTERY OF WINE (63 decks)

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