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Metabolism > Vitamins - Water Soluble and Fat Soluble > Flashcards

Vitamins - Water Soluble and Fat Soluble Flashcards

1
Q

What are vitamins?

A

Organic compounds with essential biochemical functions that are not made by the body

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2
Q

What are the water soluble vitamins?

A

thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pyridoxine (B6), pantothenic acid, biotin, folate, cobalamin (B12), and vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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3
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

A, D, E, and K

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4
Q

Vitamin deficiencies are

A

rare in healthy individuals on well-balanced diets

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5
Q

Vitamin deficiencies are important to consider

A

for unusual diets, during growth, in disease, and in developing countries

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6
Q

Fat soluble vitamin digestion is compromised by

A

pancreatic insufficiency or bile blockage

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7
Q

Water soluble vitamins are taken up by

A

the intestine

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8
Q

Vitamin K has no RDI because

A

it is made by gut flora

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9
Q

PLP

A

pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

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10
Q

NAD

A

niacin (B3)

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11
Q

CoA

A

Pantothenic acid

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12
Q

FMN, FAD

A

riboflavin (B2)

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13
Q

THF

A

folate

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14
Q

Thiamin (B1) is critical for

A

decarboxylations; carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism; nerve function

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15
Q

Deficiency of thiamin (B1) causes

A

beriberi (polished rice); Wernicke-Korsakoff (alcoholics)

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16
Q

Sources of thiamin (B1) include

A

vegemite, wholemeal breads, fortified cereals

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17
Q

Thiamin (B1) is a component of which enzyme?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

Why is thiamin (B1) critical to nerve function?

A

It links anaerobic and aerobic metabolism (on which nerves rely) by pyruvate dehydrogenase

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19
Q

What is the role of riboflavin (B2)?

A

electron carrier - flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD); carb, protein, and fat metabolism

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20
Q

Sources of riboflavin (B2) include

A

vegemite, milk, cheese, fortified cereals

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21
Q

Deficiency of riboflavin (B2)

A

is rare, usually only seen in chronic alcoholics with other deficiencies

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22
Q

What is the role of niacin (B3)?

A

coenzyme; electron carrier (NADH, NADPH); carb, protein, and fat metabolism

23
Q

Sources of niacin (B3)

A

Vegemite, wheat bran, fortified cereals

24
Q

Niacin (B3) deficiency

A

seen in alcoholics; Pellagra (dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia, death)

25
Q

Sources of pyridoxine (B6)

A

Vegemite, nuts, bananas, fortified cereals

26
Q

Role of pyridoxine (B6)

A

amino acid metabolism (transamination)

27
Q

Deficiency of pyridoxine (B6)

A

rare; need varies with protein intake; linked to original contraceptive pill in 60s

28
Q

What is the role of biotin?

A

carboxylation in proteins (eg Acetyl-coA carboxylase to produce Malonyl-CoA); glucose, fat, amino acid biosynthesis

29
Q

Sources of biotin include

A

brewer’s yeast, cooked egg yolk (raw has avidin, antagonist of biotin); soy beans

30
Q

Deficiency of biotin

A

caused by avidin in raw eggs, results in scaly, shiny, dry skin

31
Q

What is the role of folate?

A

critical in DNA synthesis

32
Q

Sources of folate include

A

green vegetables, liver, fortified cereals

33
Q

Deficiency of folate

A

occurs commonly in elderly and chronic alcoholics; causes spina bifida if in pregnancy; causes macrocytic anaemia and glossitis (pillae die on tongue)

34
Q

RDI for folate is

A

400ug/day (previously 120ug/day)

35
Q

Folate supplementation may be linked to

A

increased rates of cancer due to its role in DNA synthesis

36
Q

What is the role of cobalamin (B12)?

A

coenzyme containing cobalt; folate metabolism in DNA synthesis; transalkylations in nerves and blood

37
Q

Sources of cobalamin (B12)

A

Meat, egg yolks, cheese

38
Q

Deficiency of cobalamin (B12)

A

common in vegans and IF deficiency (genetic or autoimmune); causes pernicious anaemia with yellowish skin and faint icterus of sclerae due to bilirubin, lightening of hair and irises; peripheral neuritis

39
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of stomach necessary for B12 absorption; genetic or autoimmine deficiencies tx with B12 injections

40
Q

What is the role of vitamin C?

A

cofactor in collagen synthesis (proline hydroxylase adding -OHs to prolines on outside of collagen that allow it to H-bond and give it strength); neurotransmitter metabolism; iron absorption; antioxidant

41
Q

Sources of vitamin C

A

citrus fruit, cabbage

42
Q

Deficiency of vitamin C

A

scurvy

43
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A

half of B-carotene; produces retinal (night vision) and retinol (epithelium growth in skin and eyes)

44
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

B-carotene (coloured vegetables)

45
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A

xeropthalmia (dry eye) caused by retinol deficiency can lead to blindness if not treated

46
Q

What is the role of vitamin D?

A

Ca2+ regulation and bone development - facilitates uptake of Ca2+ in gut which prevents it being absorbed from bones; mediates protection against infection, cancer, and autoimmune disease

47
Q

Sources of vitamin D include

A

derived from cholesterol and synthesized with UV light and hydroxylations in liver and kidney to form calcitriol (hormone)

48
Q

Deficiency of vitamin D

A

rickets in children (knock knees and bow legs); osteomalacia in adults (Ca taken from bones if can’t get it from gut)

49
Q

Vitamin D status is assessed by measuring

A

25OH-D; <25nmol/L = deficiency

50
Q

What is the role of vitamin E?

A

antioxidant in membranes to accept free radicals; linked to signalling in inflammation and cell division

51
Q

Sources of vitamin E include

A

high levels in seed oils

52
Q

What is the role of vitamin K?

A

important in blood clotting - essential for the gamma-glutamyl carboxylase that adds a carboxyl group to glutamic acid eresidues on II, VII, IX, and X to activate them

53
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

inadequate clotting and haemorrhage

Metabolism (16 decks)

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