Vitamins/Minerals/Metabolism Flashcards
Vitamin A
Antioxidant, fat-soluble
Vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell functions, immune system
Plant sources: colorful fruits & veggies (carrots, peppers, broccoli, sweet potato, spinach, kale)
Animal sources: liver, whole milk
Extra needed: kids, alcoholics, liver disease, CF, Crohn’s
Vitamin C
antioxidant
skin, bones, CT, promotes healing, immunity, absorption of iron
Fruits/veggies: citrus red/green peppers, tomatoes, broccoli, greens
Extra needed in: pregnancy, smokers, post-surgery, burn pts
Vitamin D
fat-soluble; helps Ca absorbtion, nerve, muscle & immunity
can get it through skin (sunlight), diet, supplements
Foods: egg yolks, saltwater fish, liver, fortified foods
Extra needed: seniors, breastfed infants, dark skinned people, liver disease, CF, Crohn’s, obese/gastric bypass pts.
Vitamin E
antioxidant; fat-soluble
immune system, metabolism
Foods: veggies oils, nuts, seeds, leafy greens, fortified cereals
Extra needed: liver disease, CF, Crohn’s
supplements may be harmful to pts on anti-coags
Vitamin K
fat-soluble; healthy bones/tissues, blood clotting
newborns get Vit K shot when born
Foods: green veggies, dark berries
Caution: pts on blood thinners, need consistent amount
Thiamine
B1
H2O soluble
coenzyme in catabolism of sugars & AA; fermentation of ETOH
Foods: yeast, cereal, beans, nuts, meat
Extra needed: poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, diarrhea
Deficiency - beriberi & pellagra
Riboflavin
B2
H2O soluble
body growth, RBC production, helps release energy from CHOs
Foods: dairy, eggs, leafy greens, lean meat, legumes, milk, nuts, fortified cereals
destroyed w/ light (milk cartons)
Deficiency: anemia, skin disorders,
Niacin
H2O soluble
digestive system, skin, nerve function, converting food to energy
Foods: dairy, eggs, enriched bread/cereal, fish, lean meat, legumes, nuts, poultry
CVD - niacin may help high CHOL & TRIs
deficiency: pellagra (delusions)
large doses: high BGs, liver damage, peptic ulcers, skin rash
Pantothenic Acid
B5
Essential for growth, help metabolism, role in production of hormones & chol
Foods: avocado, leafy greens, eggs, lentils, milk,
Pyridoxine
B6
synthesis of serotonin & norepinephrine, protein metabolism, maintanence of homocysteine (AA in blood), gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, Hbg formation
Absorned in jejunum
Foods: fish, beef liver, oran meats, starchy veggies
deficiencies: microcytic anemia, weakened immune function
Biotin
B7
essential for growth, metabolism
foods: cereal, chocolate, egg yolk, elgumes, milk, nuts, organ meats
Cobalamin
B12
nervous system, make blood cells
Foods: meat, shellfish, cheese & eggs
deficiency: GI surgery, SI problems, megaloblastic anemia, proton-pump inhibitors, metformin
Folic Acid
B-Vit
makes healthy new cells, prevents neural tube defects in fetus
Foods: leafy greens, fruits, dried beans, peas, nuts, enriched breads, etc.
Need extra: epilepsy, DM2, IBD, Pregnant, liver disease, dialysis, celiac, alcoholics
Calcium
mineral; helps bone & teeth, help muscles & bv contract & expand; secrete hormones & enzymes
Foods: dairy, leafy greens
deficiency: osteoporosis
1000-1300 mg/day
don’t take w/ anticonvulsants, levothroxine, antiobiotics, prednisone
Phosphorus
formation of bone & teeth; body’s utilization of CHO, Fat & PRO for growth; production of ATP; contraction of muscles
Foods: meat, milk, refined flour
700 mg/day
dialysis pts need to watch
Magnesium
needed to maintain normal muscle & nerve function, heart rhythm, immune system, strong bones, regulate BG, BP, energy met & protein synthesis.
Absorbed in SI & excreted through kidneys
Foods: green veggies, legumes, unrefined grains
protective against CVD & immune dysfunction
deficiency: can cause seizures, arrhythmia, low levels of Ca in blood & low K+
Sodium
Na - control BP, blood volume, muscles & nerves to work properly
Foods: milk, convience foods, etc.
too much: HTN, CHF, cirrohis, kidney disease
Need: <2300 mg/day
Heart issues <1500 mg/day
Potassium
K+, build proteins, breakdown & use CHO, build muscle, maintain normal body growth, control electrical activity of heart, control acid-base balance
Foods: all meats, fish, veggies (broccoli, peas, tomatoes, potatoes), bananas, citrus, kiwi, prunes, milk, yogurt
Dialysis - low K+
Hypo - diuretics for HTN, HF, laxatives, diarrhea, kidney
Hyper - arrythmia from poor kidney function, ACE & ARBs, sepsis/infection
Needs: 3g-4.7g/day
Chloride
need to keep proper balance of body fluids, digestive juices
Foods: table salt, veggies
Iron
make Hgb (in RBC), myoglobin (in muscles) - help carry & store O2 in body
Foods: red meats
Deficiency: anemia
hemochromatosis - disease w/ build up of iron in body - can become toxic
Stomach
three tasks:
- stores swallowed food
- mixes food w/ stomach acids
- sends mixture to SI
Where digestion of PRO begins
Pancreas
- Endocrine - produces several hormones into the blood: insulin, glucagon (raises BG levels), & somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
- Endocrine - produces digestive enzymes & an alkaline fluid & secretes them into the SI: trypsin, pancreatic lipase & amylase
Duodenum
1st part of the SI, located b/n the stomach & jejunum
food is mixed w/ bile from gallbladder & digestive juices from pancreas
absorption of vitamins, minerals & other nutrients begins here
Small Intestine (SI)
longest part of digestive system (20 ft)
connects stomach to large intestine (colon)
it does most of the digesting; absorbing vitamins, minerals, CHO, PRO & Fats
three parts:
duodenum
ileum
jejunum
Colon
large intestine (LI)
four major parts:
ascending colon; transverse colon, descending colon & sigmoid colon
removes H2O, salt & some fat soluble vits forming stool
billions of bacteria (flora) coat the colon
Gallbladder
small pouch under the liver
stores bile produced by liver
squeezes stored bile into SI through a series of bile ducts
bile helps digest fats
not essential, can be removed. Liver will take over the duties of the gallbladder
Gallstones (cholelithiasis)
Liver
largest organ inside the body
changes food into energy, cleans ETOH & poisons from blood, & makes bile (digests fats)
diseases of the liver:
Hepatitis A, B & C, cirrhosis, jaundice
