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P&A II midterm > Vitamins/minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins/minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Who needs vitamin supplements?

A

People who don’t eat a varied diet
Ages >50
Women who are capable of becoming pregnant – folic acid
Anyone who obtains insufficient sunlight

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2
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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3
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A 
B-complex
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin C
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4
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

Beta carotene

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5
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin A?

A

Retinol (found only in animal sources)

Provitamin A carotenoids

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6
Q

What is Vitamin A’s role?

A

Normal vision, reproduction, growth, immune function

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7
Q

What are food sources of beta-carotene?

A

Dark yellow and orange fruits and vegetables

Most dark green vegetables: carrots, sweet potatoes, apricots, cantaloupe, spinach, broccoli

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8
Q

Why is Vitamin D unique?

A

Body is able to synthesize

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9
Q

What is Vitamin D’s role?

A

Maintain normal blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorus
Stimulating calcium and phosphorus absorption from GI tract

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10
Q

What are sources of Vitamin D?

A

Sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish

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11
Q

What is the most active form of Vitamin E?

A

Alpha tocopherol

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12
Q

What is Vitamin E’s role?

A

Antioxidant

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13
Q

What is Vitamin E dangerous?

A

Amounts higher than 1000mg (1500IU) lead to an increased risk of bleeding

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14
Q

What are sources of Vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, sunflower oil , wheat germ oil, almonds, walnuts, dark green vegetables

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15
Q

What is Vitamin K responsible for?

A

Blood clotting, bone metabolism

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16
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin K?

A

Manufactured by intestinal bacteria and food

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17
Q

What foods is Vitamin K found in?

A

Green leafy veggies, swiss chard, spinach, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower

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18
Q

What can a Vit K deficiency lead to?

A

Bleeding tendency

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19
Q

When can Vit K deficiencies form?

A

After prolong antibiotic therapy

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20
Q

What is ascorbic acid’s role?

A

Collage formation

Facilitate iron absorption

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21
Q

What happens in a Vit C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

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22
Q

What are food sources of Vit C?

A

Citrus fruits, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, berries, asparagus

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23
Q

What happens in Vit C toxicity?

A

Nausea, diarrhea

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24
Q

What is Thiamin B1’s role?

A

Protein synthesis

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25
What happens in a Thiamin B1 deficiency?
Beriberi neurological abnormalities
26
Who is at risk for a Thiamin B1 deficiency?
Chronic alcoholism
27
What are sources of Thiamin B1?
Foritifed grains, breads, tuna
28
What is Niacin B3's role?
Maintaining nervous and GI systems
29
What are sources of Niacin B3?
Red meats, liver, peanuts, roasted coffee, enriched breads, cereal
30
Who is at risk for Niacin B3 deficiency?
Chronic alcoholics
31
What are symptoms of Niacin B3 deficiency?
``` 4 Ds Dermatitis Diarrhea Dementia Death ```
32
Which is folic acid's function?
Produce and maintain new cells (important during rapid growth and maturation of RBCs)
33
Why should women of childbearing age take folic acid?
There's a link between folic acid deficiency and neural tube defects
34
Who is at risk for folic acid deficiency?
Elderly, chronic ETOH abuse
35
What could result with folic acid deficiency?
Anemia
36
What are sources of folic acid?
Green leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, OJ
37
What is special about Vit B 12?
Only B vit that doesn't exist in plants | Absorption depends on having intrinsic factor
38
What is Vit B 12's role?
Interdependent relationship with folic acid in manufacture of RBCs Maintain myelin sheath
39
What happens in a Vit B 12 deficiency?
Pernicious anemia
40
What are sources of Vit B 12?
Meat, milk, cheese, eggs
41
What are the two classifications of minerals?
Major and trace
42
What are major minerals?
Ca+, Na+, K+, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfer, Chloride
43
What are trace minerals?
Iron, Iodine, Fluoride, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Chromium
44
What is Ca+ responsible for?
99% bones and teeth | 1% plasma calcium - blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction/relaxation
45
What are sources of Ca+?
Milk/milk products, sardines, salmon, spinach, turnips, broccoli, bok choy, supplemented OJ
46
What is the relationship between Vit D and Ca+?
Vit D is necessary for proper absorption and use of dietary Ca+. Ca+ balance in the blood achieved through Vit D and PTH
47
What can a Ca+ deficiency lead to?
Osteoporosis
48
What is the appropriate Ca+ intake?
3 servings of milk, yogurt, cheese plus non-dairy sources | Adequate intake needed during first 3 decades to achieve peak bone mass
49
What dose of Ca+ is best absorbed?
500 MG tabs
50
What is Na+ responsible for?
Transmission of nerve impulses
51
How many MG of Na+ is in 1 tsp?
2300
52
What does sodium free mean?
5 mg or less of Na+ per serving
53
What does very low sodium mean?
35 mg or less per serving
54
What does low sodium mean?
140 mg or less per serving
55
What does reduced sodium mean?
Usual sodium level reduced by 25%
56
What is K+ responsible for?
Fluid and electrolyte balance Acid-base balance Nerve and heart muscle impulses
57
What are sources of K+?
Bananas, lima beans, winter squash, baked potato (skin), dried apricots, cantaloupe, prune juice
58
What patients see high K+ levels?
Chronic renal failure
59
What are functions of Iron?
HgB formation
60
Where is iron deficiency common?
Adolescent girls and women of reproductive age
61
What are sources of iron?
Red meat, pork, poultry | Dried fruit such as raisins or apricots

P&A II midterm (8 decks)

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