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P&A II midterm > Vitamins/minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins/minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Who needs vitamin supplements?

A

People who don’t eat a varied diet
Ages >50
Women who are capable of becoming pregnant – folic acid
Anyone who obtains insufficient sunlight

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2
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, K

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3
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A 
B-complex
Thiamin
Riboflavin
Niacin
Vitamin B6
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Biotin
Pantothenic acid
Vitamin C
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4
Q

What is vitamin A?

A

Beta carotene

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5
Q

What are the two forms of vitamin A?

A

Retinol (found only in animal sources)

Provitamin A carotenoids

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6
Q

What is Vitamin A’s role?

A

Normal vision, reproduction, growth, immune function

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7
Q

What are food sources of beta-carotene?

A

Dark yellow and orange fruits and vegetables

Most dark green vegetables: carrots, sweet potatoes, apricots, cantaloupe, spinach, broccoli

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8
Q

Why is Vitamin D unique?

A

Body is able to synthesize

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9
Q

What is Vitamin D’s role?

A

Maintain normal blood concentrations of calcium and phosphorus
Stimulating calcium and phosphorus absorption from GI tract

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10
Q

What are sources of Vitamin D?

A

Sunlight, fortified milk, fatty fish

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11
Q

What is the most active form of Vitamin E?

A

Alpha tocopherol

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12
Q

What is Vitamin E’s role?

A

Antioxidant

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13
Q

What is Vitamin E dangerous?

A

Amounts higher than 1000mg (1500IU) lead to an increased risk of bleeding

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14
Q

What are sources of Vitamin E?

A

Vegetable oils, sunflower oil , wheat germ oil, almonds, walnuts, dark green vegetables

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15
Q

What is Vitamin K responsible for?

A

Blood clotting, bone metabolism

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16
Q

What are the two forms of Vitamin K?

A

Manufactured by intestinal bacteria and food

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17
Q

What foods is Vitamin K found in?

A

Green leafy veggies, swiss chard, spinach, brussel sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower

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18
Q

What can a Vit K deficiency lead to?

A

Bleeding tendency

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19
Q

When can Vit K deficiencies form?

A

After prolong antibiotic therapy

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20
Q

What is ascorbic acid’s role?

A

Collage formation

Facilitate iron absorption

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21
Q

What happens in a Vit C deficiency?

A

Scurvy

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22
Q

What are food sources of Vit C?

A

Citrus fruits, peppers, tomatoes, cabbage, broccoli, berries, asparagus

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23
Q

What happens in Vit C toxicity?

A

Nausea, diarrhea

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24
Q

What is Thiamin B1’s role?

A

Protein synthesis

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25
Q

What happens in a Thiamin B1 deficiency?

A

Beriberi neurological abnormalities

26
Q

Who is at risk for a Thiamin B1 deficiency?

A

Chronic alcoholism

27
Q

What are sources of Thiamin B1?

A

Foritifed grains, breads, tuna

28
Q

What is Niacin B3’s role?

A

Maintaining nervous and GI systems

29
Q

What are sources of Niacin B3?

A

Red meats, liver, peanuts, roasted coffee, enriched breads, cereal

30
Q

Who is at risk for Niacin B3 deficiency?

A

Chronic alcoholics

31
Q

What are symptoms of Niacin B3 deficiency?

A 
4 Ds
Dermatitis
Diarrhea
Dementia
Death
32
Q

Which is folic acid’s function?

A

Produce and maintain new cells (important during rapid growth and maturation of RBCs)

33
Q

Why should women of childbearing age take folic acid?

A

There’s a link between folic acid deficiency and neural tube defects

34
Q

Who is at risk for folic acid deficiency?

A

Elderly, chronic ETOH abuse

35
Q

What could result with folic acid deficiency?

A

Anemia

36
Q

What are sources of folic acid?

A

Green leafy vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver, OJ

37
Q

What is special about Vit B 12?

A

Only B vit that doesn’t exist in plants

Absorption depends on having intrinsic factor

38
Q

What is Vit B 12’s role?

A

Interdependent relationship with folic acid in manufacture of RBCs
Maintain myelin sheath

39
Q

What happens in a Vit B 12 deficiency?

A

Pernicious anemia

40
Q

What are sources of Vit B 12?

A

Meat, milk, cheese, eggs

41
Q

What are the two classifications of minerals?

A

Major and trace

42
Q

What are major minerals?

A

Ca+, Na+, K+, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Sulfer, Chloride

43
Q

What are trace minerals?

A

Iron, Iodine, Fluoride, Zinc, Copper, Selenium, Chromium

44
Q

What is Ca+ responsible for?

A

99% bones and teeth

1% plasma calcium - blood clotting, nerve transmission, muscle contraction/relaxation

45
Q

What are sources of Ca+?

A

Milk/milk products, sardines, salmon, spinach, turnips, broccoli, bok choy, supplemented OJ

46
Q

What is the relationship between Vit D and Ca+?

A

Vit D is necessary for proper absorption and use of dietary Ca+.
Ca+ balance in the blood achieved through Vit D and PTH

47
Q

What can a Ca+ deficiency lead to?

A

Osteoporosis

48
Q

What is the appropriate Ca+ intake?

A

3 servings of milk, yogurt, cheese plus non-dairy sources

Adequate intake needed during first 3 decades to achieve peak bone mass

49
Q

What dose of Ca+ is best absorbed?

A

500 MG tabs

50
Q

What is Na+ responsible for?

A

Transmission of nerve impulses

51
Q

How many MG of Na+ is in 1 tsp?

A

2300

52
Q

What does sodium free mean?

A

5 mg or less of Na+ per serving

53
Q

What does very low sodium mean?

A

35 mg or less per serving

54
Q

What does low sodium mean?

A

140 mg or less per serving

55
Q

What does reduced sodium mean?

A

Usual sodium level reduced by 25%

56
Q

What is K+ responsible for?

A

Fluid and electrolyte balance
Acid-base balance
Nerve and heart muscle impulses

57
Q

What are sources of K+?

A

Bananas, lima beans, winter squash, baked potato (skin), dried apricots, cantaloupe, prune juice

58
Q

What patients see high K+ levels?

A

Chronic renal failure

59
Q

What are functions of Iron?

A

HgB formation

60
Q

Where is iron deficiency common?

A

Adolescent girls and women of reproductive age

61
Q

What are sources of iron?

A

Red meat, pork, poultry

Dried fruit such as raisins or apricots

P&A II midterm (8 decks)

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