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P&A II midterm > F&E > Flashcards

F&E Flashcards

1
Q

Where is 2/3 of the body’s fluid held?

A

Within the cells

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2
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration
Does not require energy

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3
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semipermeable membrane
Moves lower particle concentration to higher particle concentration
Does not require energy

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4
Q

What is osmotic pressure?

A

The pressure exerted on a semipermeable membrane by osmosis

Pressure needed to create equilibrium

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5
Q

What is filtration?

A

Movement of fluid and small particles due to hydrostatic pressure
No energy

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6
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of particles from an area of LOW concentration to an area of HIGH concentration
Against concentration gradient
Requires energy

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7
Q

What is fluid osmolality?

A

Number of dissolved particles per unit of water

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8
Q

What is isotonic?

A

The same concentration as plasma
NS (0.9% NaCl)
RL or LR

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9
Q

What is hypotonic?

A 
Less concentrated than plasma
½ NS (0.45% NaCl)
1/3 NS (0.33% NaCl)
Given to people who are dehydrated
Given so fluid will move from blood vessels into cells
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10
Q

What is hypertonic?

A 
More concentrated than plasma
D5NS
D5RL
3% NaCl
- Put concentrated solution into blood vessels -> pull fluid out of cells and into blood vessels
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11
Q

What is normal Na+ level?

A

135-145

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12
Q

What is normal K+ level?

A

3.5-5.5

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13
Q

What is normal Ca++ level?

A

8.5-10.5

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14
Q

What is normal Mg+ level?

A

1.5-2.5

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15
Q

What is normal Cl- level?

A

96-106

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16
Q

What is normal HCO3- level?

A

22-26

17
Q

What is normal Ph- level?

A

2.7-4.5

18
Q

What is third spacing?

A

A shift of ECF into a body space where it becomes trapped

Accumulation of fluid where fluid is not normally accumulated

19
Q

Can third spacing be precisely measured?

A

No

20
Q

What is an ascite?

A

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

21
Q

What are symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

restlessness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, seizures

22
Q

What are symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

confusion, restlessness, weakness, lethargy

23
Q

What are symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

rhythm disturbance, hypotension, constipation

24
Q

What are symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

cardiac arrest, numbness, weakness

25
Q

What are symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

Chvostek’s sign (twitching of facial muscles in response to a tap), Trousseau’s sign (contraction of hand when blocking brachial nerve), tingling

26
Q

What are symptoms of hypercalcemia?

A

weakness, fatigue

27
Q

What are symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

tetany, Trousseau’s sign, tingling, rhythm changes

28
Q

What are symptoms of hypermagnesemia?

A

decreased deep tendon reflexes

29
Q

What is aldosterone responsible for?

A

Na+ and water retention

30
Q

What deficiency will present in someone with diarrhea?

A

K+

P&A II midterm (8 decks)

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