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Endocrine and metabolism > vitamins/minerals > Flashcards

vitamins/minerals Flashcards

1
Q

what are minerals

A

inorganic molecules

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2
Q

role of calcium as a mineral

A

bone and teeth

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3
Q

role of potassium and sodium as a mineral

A

major intracellular caiton

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4
Q

role of chloride as a mineral

A

anion in body fluids

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5
Q

role of iodine, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum as a mineral

A

enzyme function

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6
Q

role of iron as a mineral

A

blood haemoglobin, electron transport, redox

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7
Q

role of phosphorous as a mineral

A

bone, phosphate esters, dna, kinasee

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8
Q

role of zinc as a mineral

A

protein structure, immune system

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9
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic molecule essential for biochemical reactions in cells, not normally synthesised by the organism

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10
Q

how many vitamin requirements do humans have

A

13

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11
Q

example of water soluble vitamins and their deficient effects

A

B1 (thiamine)- enzyme cofactor, carbohydrate metabolism
-dementia

B2 (riboflavin)- redox cofactor
-cataracts, dermatitis

B5 (pantothenic acid)- fat metabolism
-diarrhoea, vomiting

B7 (biotin)- carboxylation reactions
-alopecia, dermatitis

B9 (folic acid)- DNA synthesis
-anemia, spina bifida

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12
Q

what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome

A

wenickes encephalopathy- prolonged B1/thiamine deficiency, reversible

korsakoff syndrome- irreversible brain damage

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13
Q

causes of Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome

A

chronic alcoholism, anorexia, prolonged starvation, chronic diarrhoea, GI surgery/transplant, AIDs, hemodialysis

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14
Q

name a disease caused by a vitamin deficiency

A

Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome- B1/thiamine deficiency

recreational nitrous oxide abuse- vitamine B12 deficiency

hypocalcemia

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15
Q

symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome

A

confusion/disorientation, encephalopathy (change in brain function), ataxia (loss of muscle control), short steps, gait posture, nystagmus (repetitive involuntary movement of eye) , eye movement, sluggish pupils

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16
Q

treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome

A

iv thiamine with magnesium

17
Q

how does nitrous oxide abuse lead to vitamin B12 deficiency

A

acts on ligand gated ion channels, neurotoxicity, oxygen deprivation, DNA damage

nitrous oxide oxidises vit B12 and inhibits methionine synthase, impairs folate and DNA synthesis and excess homocysteine

18
Q

symptoms of recreational nitrous oxide abuse induced vitamin B12 deficiency

A

skin pigmentation, neurologic, psychiatric, cardiovascular, hematologic, cutaneous, psychomotor, gastrointestinal manifestations

19
Q

examples of lipid soluble vitamins and what theyre required for and effects if deficient

A

vitamin A (retinol)- vision, development
-deficient= night blindness, developmental defects

vitamin D (cholecalciferol)- calcium, phosphorous, absorption, metabolism
-deficient= rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, skeletal deformity, fractures, bone demineralisation

vitamin E (tocopherol)- lipid antioxident, protects cells from free radicals
-deficiency= muscle weakness, neuropathy, retinopathy, immune function affected

vitamin K- blood clotting
-deficient= bruising, uncontrolled bleeding

20
Q

what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin A

A

night blindness, developmental defects, keratinisation, infections, birth defects

21
Q

what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin D

A

rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, bone demineralisation, fractures, skeletal deformity

22
Q

what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin E

A

muscle weakness, neuropathy, retinopathy, immune function affected

23
Q

what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin K

A

bruising, uncontrolled bleeding

24
Q

what is vitamin A used for

A

vision, development

25
Q

what is vitamin D used for

A

calcium, phosphorous, absorption, metabolism

26
Q

what is vitamin E used for

A

lipid antioxidant, protects cells from free radicals

27
Q

what is vitamin K used for

A

blood clotting

28
Q

what is hypervitaminosis A

A

abnormally high levels of vitamin A

29
Q

symptoms of hypervitaminosis A

A

hair loss, extreme skin peeling, birth defects, liver problems, vomiting, blurred vision, death

30
Q

what is hypocalcemia and its symptoms

A

calcium levels too low

muscle cramps, numbness, hypotension, rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

31
Q

name the disease with too high levels of vitamin A

A

hypervitaminosis A

32
Q

what is calcium needed for

A

tooth/bone function, muscle contraction, blood vessel contraction, blood clotting, cell signalling

33
Q

what does calcitonin do

A

promote calcification to lower serum calcium levels

34
Q

what is secreted when plasma calcium is low

A

parathyroid hormones to stimulate conversion of VitD3 to promote calcium/phosphorous absorption in gut

Endocrine and metabolism (12 decks)

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