vitamins/minerals Flashcards
what are minerals
inorganic molecules
role of calcium as a mineral
bone and teeth
role of potassium and sodium as a mineral
major intracellular caiton
role of chloride as a mineral
anion in body fluids
role of iodine, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum as a mineral
enzyme function
role of iron as a mineral
blood haemoglobin, electron transport, redox
role of phosphorous as a mineral
bone, phosphate esters, dna, kinasee
role of zinc as a mineral
protein structure, immune system
what are vitamins
organic molecule essential for biochemical reactions in cells, not normally synthesised by the organism
how many vitamin requirements do humans have
13
example of water soluble vitamins and their deficient effects
B1 (thiamine)- enzyme cofactor, carbohydrate metabolism
-dementia
B2 (riboflavin)- redox cofactor
-cataracts, dermatitis
B5 (pantothenic acid)- fat metabolism
-diarrhoea, vomiting
B7 (biotin)- carboxylation reactions
-alopecia, dermatitis
B9 (folic acid)- DNA synthesis
-anemia, spina bifida
what is Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome
wenickes encephalopathy- prolonged B1/thiamine deficiency, reversible
korsakoff syndrome- irreversible brain damage
causes of Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome
chronic alcoholism, anorexia, prolonged starvation, chronic diarrhoea, GI surgery/transplant, AIDs, hemodialysis
name a disease caused by a vitamin deficiency
Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome- B1/thiamine deficiency
recreational nitrous oxide abuse- vitamine B12 deficiency
hypocalcemia
symptoms of Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome
confusion/disorientation, encephalopathy (change in brain function), ataxia (loss of muscle control), short steps, gait posture, nystagmus (repetitive involuntary movement of eye) , eye movement, sluggish pupils
treatment for Wernicke’s encephalopathy-korsakoff syndrome
iv thiamine with magnesium
how does nitrous oxide abuse lead to vitamin B12 deficiency
acts on ligand gated ion channels, neurotoxicity, oxygen deprivation, DNA damage
nitrous oxide oxidises vit B12 and inhibits methionine synthase, impairs folate and DNA synthesis and excess homocysteine
symptoms of recreational nitrous oxide abuse induced vitamin B12 deficiency
skin pigmentation, neurologic, psychiatric, cardiovascular, hematologic, cutaneous, psychomotor, gastrointestinal manifestations
examples of lipid soluble vitamins and what theyre required for and effects if deficient
vitamin A (retinol)- vision, development
-deficient= night blindness, developmental defects
vitamin D (cholecalciferol)- calcium, phosphorous, absorption, metabolism
-deficient= rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, skeletal deformity, fractures, bone demineralisation
vitamin E (tocopherol)- lipid antioxident, protects cells from free radicals
-deficiency= muscle weakness, neuropathy, retinopathy, immune function affected
vitamin K- blood clotting
-deficient= bruising, uncontrolled bleeding
what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin A
night blindness, developmental defects, keratinisation, infections, birth defects
what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin D
rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults, bone demineralisation, fractures, skeletal deformity
what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin E
muscle weakness, neuropathy, retinopathy, immune function affected
what happens if there is a deficiency in vitamin K
bruising, uncontrolled bleeding
what is vitamin A used for
vision, development
