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Endocrine and metabolism > energy and life > Flashcards

energy and life Flashcards

1
Q

what is the purpose of metabolism

A

obtain chemical energy, convert nutrients into cells own molecules, polymerise monomeric molecules into macromolecules, synthesise/degrade biomolecules

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2
Q

what is metabolism

A

highly coordinated cellular activity composed of multienzyme systems (metabolic pathways)

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3
Q

what is anabolism

A

using energy to synthesise biomolecules (small to big molecules)

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4
Q

what is catabolism

A

extracts energy from nutrients

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5
Q

what is a metabolic pathway

A

instrument to organise metabolic reactions

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6
Q

purpose of metabolic pathways

A

extract energy, store fuel, synthesis of important building blocks, eliminate waste molecules

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7
Q

how to classify metabolic pathways

A

according to function

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8
Q

types of non linear metabolic pathways

A

converging catabolism, diverging anabolism, cyclic pathway

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9
Q

what is cell respiration

A

process which cell converts food to energy in presence of oxygen

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10
Q

describe 2 types of oxidation of sugar/glucose

A
  1. stepwise oxidation of sugar in cells- small Ea overcome by body temp
  2. direct burning of sugar- large Ea overcome by heat from fire, all free energy released as heat and non is stored
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11
Q

name 3 activated energy carrier molecules

A

ATP- adenosine triphosphate
NADH- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
FADH2- flavin adenine dinucleotide

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12
Q

name 3 stages of cell respiration

A

glycolysis, citric acid/krebs cycle, electron transport and oxidative phosphorylatino

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13
Q

how does glucose generate ATP

A

energy/electrons are transferred from glucose to convert NAD+ to NADH and used in electron transport chain to generate ATP

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14
Q

describe what happens in oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2 generates a H+ gradient, proton gradient is used to regenerate ATP from ADP, oxygen required, oxygen reduced while NADH and FADH2 are oxidised

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15
Q

what are the standard conditions of standard gibbs free energy

A

25 degrees celcius, pH7 ([H3O]+=10^-7M), [H2O]=55.5M

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16
Q

gibbs free energy equation and units

A

ΔG=ΔH−TΔS

G= gibbs free energy (Jmol-1)
H= enthalpy (Jmol-1)
S= entropy (Jmol-1k-1)

17
Q

explain negative ΔG

A

exergonic, spontaneous, energy released, reaction proceeds

18
Q

explain positive ΔG

A

endergonic, reaction does not proceed spontaneously, energy required

19
Q

equilibrium constant equation

A

Keq=([C]^c [D]^d)/([A]^a [B]^b )

20
Q

standard gibbs free energy equation of equilibrium equation

A

ΔG^0=−RT ln⁡K eq

21
Q

gibbs free energy equation in an equilibirum

A

ΔG=ΔG^0+RT ln([C]^c [D]^d)/([A]^a [B]^b )

22
Q

explain what Keq means when Keq >1.0, =1.0, <1.0

A

> 1.0= reaction proceeds forward
=1.0= eqm
<1.0= proceeds in reverse

23
Q

what is chemical bond energy

A

(pic on onenote)
energy released when bond forms and energy absorbed when bond breaks

24
Q

why does ATP hydrolysis create a high yield of energy

A

relief of charge repulsion, resonance stabilisation, greater degree of solvation of products, high ATP concentration

25
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electrons

Fe3+ + e- –> Fe2+

26
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of electrons

Fe2+ –> Fe3+ + e-

27
Q

what is an oxidising agent

A

gains electrons, causes oxidation but gets reduced

28
Q

what is a reducing agent

A

loses electrons, causes reduction but gets oxidised

29
Q

how to read electrochemical series

A

more negative= better reduction strength
more positive= better oxidation strength
all written as Ox+e- –>Red

30
Q

what is the nernst equation

A

𝐸^0=−Δ𝐺^0/vF

E^0= standard potential
v= number of electrons
F= faraday constant

31
Q

what does a positive E^0 mean

A

negative Δ𝐺

32
Q

how to calculate reaction potential of oxidation of something

A

find half equations, reduction potential subtract oxidation potential

33
Q

importance of alcohol dehydrogenase

A

present at high levels in liver and stomach, involved in metabolism of alcohol

34
Q

what is the toxic product of alcohol dehydrogenase

A

acetaldehyde

35
Q

importance of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

A

metabolises acetaldehyde

36
Q

result of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase mutations

A

makes enzyme less effective, less likely to become alcoholic, higher risk of liver damage

Endocrine and metabolism (12 decks)

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