Vitamins & MInerals Flashcards
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
All the Bs and C, which are hydrophilic, NOT stored in the body, excreted in urine, have a faster onset (depleted quickly during starvation), & toxicity unlikely
Which vitamins are fat-soluble?
D, E, K, and A (aka retinol) which are hydrophobic, stored in fat & liver, slower onset, & toxic in excess
Which vitamins, minerals, and are in the AREDS2 formula to slow macular degeneration?
Antioxidant Vitamins: C & E
Minerals: zinc, copper*
Macular pigments: Lutein & Zeaxanthin
What did AREDS2 substitute that was not included in the original AREDS formula and why?
Beta-carotene, a pre-cursor to Vitamin A because high doses increased the risk of lung cancer in smokers
What else may be dangerous in both the AREDS formulas?
High doses Vitamin E increase risk of bleeding & potential association with prostate cancer; high doses vits C & E accumulate & can damage kidneys
What does vitamin A deficiency cause?
Xeropthalmia: night blindness, xerosis, Bitot’s spots, and keratomalacia (corneal thinning)
What does Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency cause?
anemia & peripheral neuropathy
What does vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency cause?
megaloblastic anemia; fetal neural tube defect
What does vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency cause?
Pernicious anemia
How do anti-oxidants beta-carotene (pre-cursor to Vitamin A), and Vitamins C & E help slow macular degeneration?
They help reduce free radicals to protect cells from oxidative stress, which is a component leading to tissue damage in macular degeneration.
What vitamins should be avoided in patients with CKD? (chronic kidney disease) Which do they supplement often due to deficiency?
Avoid fat soluble Vitamins A, E, & K.
Supplement vitamin B, some vitamin C (and D) Note: C can cause oxalate deposits in bones & soft tissues
What are Nephrocaps?
dialysis vitamins
side effect of Vitamin A
too much Vit A can cause idiopathic intracranial HTN, swelling of the optic nerve (papilledema)
