Vitamins & MInerals Flashcards
Vitamins A, D, E, and K, are fat soluble. How do they differ from water soluble vitamins?
Hydrophobic, stored in fat & liver, slower onset, can be more toxic
Which (9) vitamins are water soluble (hydrophilic, NOT stored, excreted, faster onset, less toxic)?
Vitamins B1, B2, B3 (Niacin), B5, B6, B7, B9 (folic acid), B12, and C
How do minerals differ from vitamins?
Inorganic, found in soil (+plants & animals we eat), not all required, water soluble only
Which Vitamins are included in the AREDS2 formula to slow down macular degeneration?
Vitamins C & E, Lutein & Zeaxanthin
Plus minerals zinc & copper
Vitamin B6 deficiency causes what?
Anemia and peripheral neuropathy
Vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency causes what?
Megaloblastic anemia, & embryonic neural tube defect
Vitamin B12 deficiency causes what?
Pernicious anemia
Vitamin A deficiency causes what?
Xeropthalmia w/Bitot’s spots, night blindness, Xerosis (severe dry eye), & Keratomalacia (corneal thinning)
What does alcoholism cause in the eyes?
Nutritional optic atrophy/pallor
What can too much Vitamin E cause?
Increased risk for bleeding, potential association w/prostate cancer, worse CKD
In what patients should we avoid AREDS and why? What other vitamins should they avoid?
Patients with kidney failure. Vit C & E can harm kidney. Also avoid fat soluble Vits A, E, K
What vitamins does Ocuvite contain?
lutein/zeaxanthin, other B, C, D Vitamins in varying amounts (not AREDS/AREDS2)
What does MacuHealth contain?
only the carotenoids Lutein/zeaxanthin/mesozeaxanthin
Where are lutein & zeaxanthin naturally found?
red/yellow/orange/dark green fruits & veggies, aggregate mostly in the macula
CKD patients on dialysis are often deficient in which vitamins?
B vitamins, some C & D
What can too much Vitamin A cause?
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension presenting as optic nerves swelling (papilledema)
Other than alcoholism & kidney disease, what other conditions commonly cause Vitamin & mineral deficiencies?
Malnutrition (duh), Chron’s, celiac disease, cystic fibrosis, heart failure, peancreas diseases, infections +/- damage GIT, bariatric surgery
