vitamins (fat and water soluble)

Question 1

Vitamin B-12 has what other name?

Answer 1

cobalamin

Question 2

What are the funcitons of B12?

Answer 2

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Question 3

metabolism of B12 is super related to what other vitmain?

Answer 3

folate
*one carbon transfers
interactions essential for homocyseine to methioning, protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis

Question 4

how is B12 absorbed?

Answer 4

1) cleave vitamin from dietary protein in stomach
2) requires intrinsic factor from stomach
3) cobalamin-IF absorbed in distal ileum
*most other B vitamins are absorbed earlier on in the GI
4) transport in circulation (transcobalamin II)
*also the enterohepatic circulation
large liver stores
excreted primarily via bile

Question 5

Where is B12 found?

Answer 5

only in animal products
synthesized by soil bacteria
needs long term storage and supply
increase your requirements if you decrease absorption/reabsorption
vegas should take a supplement

Question 6

where would you find B12 deficiency?

Answer 6

elderly people (gastric astrophy)
gastrectomy
Ileal resection - Crohns disease
breastfed infant of B12 deficient vegan mother
*sxs - macrocytic anemia and hypersegmented neutrophils (can’t distinguish between B12 and folate)
*however, the effects of this is irreversible so treat with B12 first or at least make sure B12 is all good before you go the folate route
*depression, paresthesias, gait disturbances, burning tongue, dizziness

Question 7

What is the other name for vitamin C

Answer 7

ascorbic acid

Question 8

what are the functions of vitamin C?

Answer 8

reversible antioxidant
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collagen synthesis
hydroxylation of proline and lysine

Question 9

where is vitamin C found?

Answer 9

fruits
vegetables
potatoes
NOT in grains, meats, fats/oils, dairy

Question 10

Does it make sense to take a megadose of vitamin C for a cold?

Answer 10

the absorption goes way down if you take it all at once

• recommend to split the dose to keep the absorption up
• intakes of 400-500mg/day, you won’t increase your serum concentration really at all

Question 11

what are the vitamin C deficiency findings?

Answer 11

scurvy

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Question 12

the trace elements/minerals that are important

Answer 12

iron, iodine, zinc, copper, selenium, MORE

Question 13

what is bioavailability and why does it matter in micronutrients?

Answer 13

extent to which other dieteary constituats affect absorption of ;lakjsdflkj

Question 14

what are the functions of iron?

Answer 14

50% in hemoglobin, 10% is myoglobin, 5% in various enzymes
*storage Fe - adults 300-1500mg
*oxygen transport
electron transport chain
enzymatic activation of O2 (oxidases, oxygenases)
CNS myelination
*dopamine synthesis (less than 1% of total body iron)

Question 15

where does iron come from?

Answer 15

meats/flesh, liver (heme)

plant sources - ;alksdjf

Question 16

what is phytic acid

Answer 16

storage of phosphorus in plants, anti-oxidant in gut
binds cations in gut
*we put this into livestock and poultry to decrease phosphate pollution
*high in grains and legumes (wheat)

Question 17

why do we care about absorption affecting materials in Fe absorption?

Answer 17

mean has 30% absoption but kidney beans has 5% absorption

• it depends on your source whether or not you are deficient likely
• need to consider the context of the iron intake (bioavailabiltiy matters with iron)

Question 18

where is the main point of regulation for iron homeostasis?

Answer 18

ABSORPTION - how much iron is let in is the most important factor in Fe homeostasis

Question 19

where is the main point of regulation for iron homeostasis?

Answer 19

ABSORPTION - how much iron is let in is the most important factor in Fe homeostasis

Question 20

Why is there decreased iron in the state of inflammation?

Answer 20

hepcidin is important - ;lkasdlfj

Question 21

What are the iron stores?

Answer 21

ferritin, liver, p;laksjdf;lajs