Vitamins and Related Deficiencies Flashcards
What is vitamin A?
What is its solubility?
L7 S27
Retinol/al/oic acid
Mostly related to vision and epithelial maintenance
Lipid soluble
Teratogenic
What is the result of vitamin A deficiency?
What are the causes?
L7 S30
Retinol
Clincial manifestations:
- night blindness
- xerophthalmia (failure to produce tears; irritation)
- Bitot’s spots (conjunctival abnormality)
- corneal xerosis (dryness)
Cause:
- fat malabsorption and liver cirrhosis (alcohol)
- severe malnutirion
What is vitamin B1?
What is its solubility?
L7 S16
Thiamine
Water soluble
Forms cofactor TPP used in:
- pyruvate dehyrognease complex (pyruvate -> acetyl CoA)
- branched chain amino acid catabolism
- transketolase (PPP)
What is wet Beriberi?
What are the causes?
L7 S16
Vitamin B1 deficiency (cardiac effects)
Clinical manifestations:
- heart failure
- peripheral edema
What is dry Beriberi?
What are the causes?
L7 S16
Vitamin B1 deficiency (neurologic effects)
Clinical manifestations:
- muscle wasting
- peripheral neuropathy
- confusion
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
What are the causes?
L7 S16
Vitamin B1 deficiency (typically secondary to alcoholism leading to poor absorption)
Clincial manifestaitons:
- ataxia
- nystagmus/ophthalmoplegia
- confusion
- psychosis
- confabulation
What is vitamin B2?
What is its solubility?
L7 S17
Riboflavin
Water soluble
Forms coenzyme FAD and FMN used in:
- dehydrogenases
- oxidation/reduction reaction
- ETC
What is the result of vitamin B2 deficiency?
What are the causes?
L7 S30
Ariboflavinosis
Usually undetected
Clinical manifestations:
- sore throat
- edema of mucous membranes
- stomatitis/chelititis (inflammation of tongue and lips)
What is vitamin B3?
What is its solubility?
L7 S18
Niacin
Water soluble
Forms coenzyme NAD+ and NADP+
What is Pellagra?
L7 S18
Vitamin B3 deficiency (no NAD(P)H)
Clinical manifestations (4D’s):
- diarrhea
- dermatitis (sun exposed areas)
- dementia
- death
What is vitamin B5?
What is its solubility?
L7 S19
Pantothenic acid
Used in CoA synthesis
What is the result of vitamin B5 deficiency?
L7 S19
Caused by extreme starvation (exceptionally rare)
Clinical manifestaitons (burning feet syndrome):
- dermatitis
- numbness
- paresthesia
- dysthesia
What is vitamin B6?
What is its solubility?
L7 S19
Pyridoxine
Water soluble
Forms cofactor pyridoxal phosphate used in:
- aminotransferase
- heme synthesis
- conversion of Try to vitamin B3 (niacin)
What is the result of vitamin B6 deficiency?
L7 S20
Clinical manifestaitons:
- sideroblastic anemia (failure to incorporate iron into heme)
- dermatitis
- irritability/confusion
What is vitamin B7?
What is its solubility?
L7 S19
Biotin
Water soluble
Cofactor for carboxylation enzymes