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Nutrition > Vitamins and minerals chart > Flashcards

Vitamins and minerals chart Flashcards

1
Q

names of vitamin A

A

retinol (vitaminA) alpha and beta carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin (caretenoids)

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2
Q

source of vitamin A

A

meat, poultry, fish, liver, oil (things with mouth or face)

- carotenoids - green colored vegatables, veggie oils eggs

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3
Q

function of vitamin A

A

vision, cell division, reproduction, iimmune function, bone growth
carotenoids - antioxidants

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4
Q

at risk population of vitamin A

A
  • Protein-energy malnutrition
  • Zinc deficiency
  • Very low fat diet
  • Fat digestion/absorption problems (pancreatic disorder, bile production, small intestine disease)
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5
Q

deficiency symptoms of vitamin A

A
  • Vision - ↓ night vision
  • Epithelium - ↑ keratinization of epithelium, xeropthalmia (dry eyes), Bitot’s spots, vaginal cornification, ↓ wound healing
  • Immune - ↑ infection risk, morbidity/mortality, diarrhea, measles, respiratory infections
  • Reproductive - ↑ fetal death, ↓ spermatogenesis
  • Bone - stunting
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6
Q

upper limit of vitamin A

A

Only from preformed vitamin A! Usually supplements - toxicity from diet very rare.

  • Acute – abdominal pain, intracranial pressure (mental status, blurred vision, headache)
  • Chronic – liver dysfunction, osteoporosis, teratogenicity
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7
Q

additional notes of vitamin A

A
  • Caretenoids cleaved centrally to make Vitamin A
  • Vitamin A stored in liver, carotenoids in adipose tissue
  • Both can be transported on lipoproteins; Vitamin A also on retinol binding protein
  • Carotenoid supplements ONLY recommended for age-related macular degeneration (they may actually make some cancers worse)
  • Can’t get Vitamin A toxicity from dietary carotenoids!
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8
Q

names of vitamin D

A 
D2 = ergocalciferol
D3 = cholecalciferol
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9
Q

source of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D2
• Plants, fungi, invertebrates, supplements

Vitamin D3
• Skin synthesis, animal foods, fortified foods, supplements

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10
Q

function of vitamin D

A
  • Calcium homeostasis and bone health
  • Cancer
  • Type 2 Diabetes
  • Immune function
  • Depression
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Can work with PTH to release Ca from bone
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11
Q

at risk population of vitamin D

A
  • Lower skin synthesis – aging population, limited sun, darker skin
  • Breastfed infants
  • Lactose intolerance
  • Fat malabsorption
  • Obesity
  • Liver or kidney problems
  • Medications – corticosteroids, anticonvulsants
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12
Q

deficiency problems

A 
•	Abnormal bones
•	Rickets (kids)
-Growth retardation
-leg bowing
•	Osteomalacia (adults)
-bone and muscle pain
-muscle weakness
-frailty
•	Over long term, increased osteoporosis risk
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13
Q

upper limit of vitamin D

A

Never from too much sun!

  • Hypercalcemia
  • Calciuria and kidney stones
  • Arrhythmia
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14
Q

additional notes on vitamin D

A
  • 25(OH) circulating form; 1,25(OH) active form; 24,25(OH) inactive form
  • Circulating form  active form in kidneys
  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH) goes to kidneys to stimulate activation
  • Assess status by measuring 25-OH (circulating form) NOT 1,25(OH) (active form); also calcium, PTH, DEXA scan
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15
Q

names of vitamin E

A

tocopherols and tocotrienols

RRR -tocopherol NATURAL FORM

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16
Q

source of vitamin E

A
  • Nuts and seeds
  • Vegetable oils
  • Wheat germ
  • Green leafy vegetables
  • Olives
  • Fortified foods
  • Supplements
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17
Q

function of vitamin E

A 
•	Antioxidant
-prevents RBC hemolysis
-prevents lipid peroxidation
•	Immune function
•	DNA repair
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18
Q

at risk population of vitamin E

A
  • Dietary insufficiency
  • Premie, very low weight infnats
  • Fat malabsorption
  • α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) defects
  • Abetalipoproteinemia
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19
Q

symptoms of deficiency of vitamin E

A
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Myopathy
  • Retinopathy
  • Immune dysfunction
  • RBC hemolysis
  • If TTP mutation, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED)
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20
Q

upper limit of vitamin E

A

From supplements!

  • Bleeding
  • May worsen outcomes for some cancers
  • Higher mortality risk above 400 IU/day
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21
Q

additional notes on vitamin E

A
  • α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) in liver – converts to active form
  • Vitamin E transported in lipoproteins
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22
Q

names and sources of vitamin K

A

Phylloquinone
• Green veggies, some vegetable oils, soybeans, fortified food

Menaquinone
• Some fermented foods, animal foods, dairy, intestinal bacteria

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23
Q

functions of vitamin K

A

• Clotting

  • Glu carboxylated to Gla!
  • The carboxylation gives functionality to clotting proteins
24
Q

at risk population of vitamin K

A
  • Birth
  • Fat malabsorption
  • Liver disease
  • Poor intake
  • Alcoholism
25
Q

symptoms of vitamin K deficiency

A

• Bleeding
• Babies - at risk of Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
• Possible disorders of soft tissue and bone calcification
• Embryopathy – moms have severe deficiency or Warfarin use
-chondrodysplasia punctate (bony deformities with excess calcification)
-nasal hypoplasia (flat bridge)
-mental retardation

26
Q

upper limit of vitamin K

A

none

27
Q

additional notes on vitamin K

A
  • Warfarin (a blood thinner) can block at two points in carboxylation cycle - if on Warfarin, consistent Vit K intake recommended
  • Blood levels only reflect recent intake – not used for clinical status
28
Q

source of vitamin C

A 
Anything	fresh	
and	rapidly	
growing
(not	much in	
dormant	foods	
– nuts, grains,	
seeds)
29
Q

function of vitamin C

A 
Carnetine	synthesis
• Neurotransmitter
• Collegen	synthesis
• Iron	absorption
• Antioxidant	effects
30
Q

at risk population of vitamin C

A

Smokers
• Very limited access to
fresh food (e.g. sailors

31
Q

deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

A 
Weakness	and	lassitude
• Skin	and	soft	tissue	– petechial	
hemorrhage,	perifollicular	
hyperkeratosis,	ecchymosis,	
poor	wound	healing
• Bone	– impaired	growth	and	
healing,	bowing,	subperiosteal	
hemorrhage,	epiphyseal	
separation
• CNS	– depression,	confusion,	
hysteria,	hypochondriasis
• Swollen	gums,	teeth	loss
• Infection
• Coiled	hair
• Joints	– bleeding	into	joints	and	
arthralgias
32
Q

upper limit of vitamin C

A 
2 g/day
• Diarrhea
• Bloating
• Enhanced	iron	
absorption	(only	
bad	if	already	have	
too	much	iron)
• Hyperoxaluria
(generally	only	if	
predisposed)
33
Q

source of thiamine

A 
Whole	
grains
• Enriched	
grains	and	
cereals
• Some	
vegetables	
and	
legumes
• Meat,	fish,	
poultry
• Dairy
34
Q

function of thiamine

A 
NADPH	biosynthesis:	
transketolase	in	
pentose	phosphate,	5C	
sugars
• Energy	metabolism	–
pyruvate	
dehydrogenase,	
shortening	of	
branched	fatty	acids
• Synthesis	of	
acetylcholine,	
glutamate,	GABA
35
Q

at risk population of thiamine

A 
Malabsorption
• Alcoholism
• Limited	diet	+	
thiaminases/antithiami
nes (raw	fish,	ferns,	
tea)
• Persistent	vomiting
• Refeeding	syndrome
• Maternal	thiamine	
deficiency
• HIV/AIDS
• Bariatric	surgery
36
Q

deficiency symptoms of thiamine

A 
• Fatigue	and	weakness
• Beriberi
Dry	– peripheral	neuropathy,	
calf	tenderness
Wet	– peripheral	neuropathy,	
tachycardia,	edema,	heart
failure
• Wernicke	encephalopathy:	
opthalmoplegia	(lateral	gaze),	
ataxia,	confusion,	cerebellar	
nerve	loss,	neuroanatomy	issues
• Korsakoff’s	psychosis:	amnesia,	
confabulation,	loss	of	
spontaneity	and	initiative
37
Q

upper limit of thiamine

A

none

38
Q

additional notes of thiamine

A 
Mostly	stored	in	
muscle,	with	a	little	
in liver
• Metabolically	you	
see	accumulation	
of	lactate,	low	TCA	
intermediates	and	
low	
neurotransmitter	
synthesis
39
Q

source of niacin

A 
• Whole	
grains	
(treated	
with	alkali)
• Meat	and	
fish
• Yeast
• Nuts
• Eggs
• Milk
• Tryptophan
40
Q

function of niacin

A 
Synthesis	of	fatty	acids	
and	cholesterol,	
steroid	hormones,	
ribonucleotides
• DNA	repair
• Cell	differentiation	and	
replication
• Oxidation	of	glucose	
and	fatty	acids
• Glutamate	synthesis
41
Q

at risk population of niacin

A 
Poor	diets	with	very	
low	protein/tryptophan	
(e.g. only	maize,	meat,	
molasses)
• Hartnup’s	disease	
(tryptophan	disorder)
• Carcinoid	tumors
42
Q

deficiency symptoms of niacin

A 
Pellagra
Dermatitis in	sun-exposed	areas
Diarrhea,	mucosal	atrophy
Dementia – anxiety,	depression,	
insomnia,	delirium	and	
hallucinations
Death
• Neuropathy	and	muscle	
weakness
43
Q

upper limit of niacin

A 
35mg/day
• Vasodilation	and	
flushing
• Heartburn,	nausea,	
vomiting
• Liver	toxicity
• Hyperuricemia	and	
gout
• Decreased	insulin	
sensitivity
44
Q

source of folate

A 
Widely	
distributed
• ‘Foliage’
• Leafy	
greens,	
brussel	
sprouts,	
spinach,	
broccoli
• Yeast
• Liver
• Lima	and	
kidney	
beans
• Fortified	
foods
45
Q

function of folate

A 
Nucleotide	synthesis	
and	methylation
• Homocysteine	to	
methionine
• Methyl	THF	to	THF
46
Q

at risk population of folate

A 
Alcoholism
• Poor	diet
• Malabsorption
• Possibly	medication	
interference
47
Q

deficiency symptoms of folate

A 
Manifests	in	rapidly	
proliferating	tissues
-Bone	marrow:	megaloblastic	
anemia
-GI	tract:	diarrhea	and	
malabsorption
• Risk	of	certain	cancers	– breast,	
colorectal
• Neural	tube	defects in	infants
48
Q

upper limit of folate

A 
High	intake	may	be	
associated	with	
cancer	(may	
accelerate	growth	in	
cancerous/precance
rous	cells)
• Possibly	heart	
disease
49
Q

notes on folate

A 
Stored	primarily	in	
liver
• Fortified	form	folic	
acid,	which	is	
better	absorbed
50
Q

source of B12

A

Animal
proteins/pr
oducts
• yeast

51
Q

function of B12

A 
Cofactor	for:
-methionine	synthase	
(with	folate!)
-Methylmalonyl-CoA	
mutase
52
Q

at risk population of B12

A 
Vegetarians/vegans
• Older	adults	(low	
gastric	acid)
• Malabsorption
• GI	surgery
• Pernicious	anemia	(no	
intrinsic	factor)
53
Q

deficiency symptoms of B12

A 
Megaloblastic	anemia
• Peripheral	neuropathy
• Optic	neuropathy
• Subacute	spinal	degeneration
• Personality	changes
• Memory	impairment
• Depression
54
Q

upper limit of B12

A

none

55
Q

notes on B12

A 
B12	in	food	is	
bound	to	protein	
and	must	be	
released	by	
pepsin/stomach	
acid – when	
released,	binds	to	
R	factors	which	is	
later	replaced	by	
intrinsic	factor
• Stored	in	liver

Nutrition (3 decks)

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