Vitamins and minerals chart Flashcards
names of vitamin A
retinol (vitaminA) alpha and beta carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin (caretenoids)
source of vitamin A
meat, poultry, fish, liver, oil (things with mouth or face)
- carotenoids - green colored vegatables, veggie oils eggs
function of vitamin A
vision, cell division, reproduction, iimmune function, bone growth
carotenoids - antioxidants
at risk population of vitamin A
- Protein-energy malnutrition
- Zinc deficiency
- Very low fat diet
- Fat digestion/absorption problems (pancreatic disorder, bile production, small intestine disease)
deficiency symptoms of vitamin A
- Vision - ↓ night vision
- Epithelium - ↑ keratinization of epithelium, xeropthalmia (dry eyes), Bitot’s spots, vaginal cornification, ↓ wound healing
- Immune - ↑ infection risk, morbidity/mortality, diarrhea, measles, respiratory infections
- Reproductive - ↑ fetal death, ↓ spermatogenesis
- Bone - stunting
upper limit of vitamin A
Only from preformed vitamin A! Usually supplements - toxicity from diet very rare.
- Acute – abdominal pain, intracranial pressure (mental status, blurred vision, headache)
- Chronic – liver dysfunction, osteoporosis, teratogenicity
additional notes of vitamin A
- Caretenoids cleaved centrally to make Vitamin A
- Vitamin A stored in liver, carotenoids in adipose tissue
- Both can be transported on lipoproteins; Vitamin A also on retinol binding protein
- Carotenoid supplements ONLY recommended for age-related macular degeneration (they may actually make some cancers worse)
- Can’t get Vitamin A toxicity from dietary carotenoids!
names of vitamin D
D2 = ergocalciferol D3 = cholecalciferol
source of vitamin D
Vitamin D2
• Plants, fungi, invertebrates, supplements
Vitamin D3
• Skin synthesis, animal foods, fortified foods, supplements
function of vitamin D
- Calcium homeostasis and bone health
- Cancer
- Type 2 Diabetes
- Immune function
- Depression
- Cardiovascular disease
- Can work with PTH to release Ca from bone
at risk population of vitamin D
- Lower skin synthesis – aging population, limited sun, darker skin
- Breastfed infants
- Lactose intolerance
- Fat malabsorption
- Obesity
- Liver or kidney problems
- Medications – corticosteroids, anticonvulsants
deficiency problems
• Abnormal bones • Rickets (kids) -Growth retardation -leg bowing • Osteomalacia (adults) -bone and muscle pain -muscle weakness -frailty • Over long term, increased osteoporosis risk
upper limit of vitamin D
Never from too much sun!
- Hypercalcemia
- Calciuria and kidney stones
- Arrhythmia
additional notes on vitamin D
- 25(OH) circulating form; 1,25(OH) active form; 24,25(OH) inactive form
- Circulating form active form in kidneys
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) goes to kidneys to stimulate activation
- Assess status by measuring 25-OH (circulating form) NOT 1,25(OH) (active form); also calcium, PTH, DEXA scan
names of vitamin E
tocopherols and tocotrienols
RRR -tocopherol NATURAL FORM
source of vitamin E
- Nuts and seeds
- Vegetable oils
- Wheat germ
- Green leafy vegetables
- Olives
- Fortified foods
- Supplements
function of vitamin E
• Antioxidant -prevents RBC hemolysis -prevents lipid peroxidation • Immune function • DNA repair
at risk population of vitamin E
- Dietary insufficiency
- Premie, very low weight infnats
- Fat malabsorption
- α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) defects
- Abetalipoproteinemia
symptoms of deficiency of vitamin E
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Myopathy
- Retinopathy
- Immune dysfunction
- RBC hemolysis
- If TTP mutation, ataxia with vitamin E deficiency (AVED)
upper limit of vitamin E
From supplements!
- Bleeding
- May worsen outcomes for some cancers
- Higher mortality risk above 400 IU/day
additional notes on vitamin E
- α-tocopherol transfer protein (TTP) in liver – converts to active form
- Vitamin E transported in lipoproteins
names and sources of vitamin K
Phylloquinone
• Green veggies, some vegetable oils, soybeans, fortified food
Menaquinone
• Some fermented foods, animal foods, dairy, intestinal bacteria
functions of vitamin K
• Clotting
- Glu carboxylated to Gla!
- The carboxylation gives functionality to clotting proteins
at risk population of vitamin K
- Birth
- Fat malabsorption
- Liver disease
- Poor intake
- Alcoholism
symptoms of vitamin K deficiency
• Bleeding
• Babies - at risk of Vitamin K deficiency bleeding
• Possible disorders of soft tissue and bone calcification
• Embryopathy – moms have severe deficiency or Warfarin use
-chondrodysplasia punctate (bony deformities with excess calcification)
-nasal hypoplasia (flat bridge)
-mental retardation
upper limit of vitamin K
none
additional notes on vitamin K
- Warfarin (a blood thinner) can block at two points in carboxylation cycle - if on Warfarin, consistent Vit K intake recommended
- Blood levels only reflect recent intake – not used for clinical status
source of vitamin C
Anything fresh and rapidly growing (not much in dormant foods – nuts, grains, seeds)
function of vitamin C
Carnetine synthesis • Neurotransmitter • Collegen synthesis • Iron absorption • Antioxidant effects
at risk population of vitamin C
Smokers
• Very limited access to
fresh food (e.g. sailors
deficiency symptoms of vitamin C
Weakness and lassitude • Skin and soft tissue – petechial hemorrhage, perifollicular hyperkeratosis, ecchymosis, poor wound healing • Bone – impaired growth and healing, bowing, subperiosteal hemorrhage, epiphyseal separation • CNS – depression, confusion, hysteria, hypochondriasis • Swollen gums, teeth loss • Infection • Coiled hair • Joints – bleeding into joints and arthralgias
upper limit of vitamin C
2 g/day • Diarrhea • Bloating • Enhanced iron absorption (only bad if already have too much iron) • Hyperoxaluria (generally only if predisposed)
source of thiamine
Whole grains • Enriched grains and cereals • Some vegetables and legumes • Meat, fish, poultry • Dairy
function of thiamine
NADPH biosynthesis: transketolase in pentose phosphate, 5C sugars • Energy metabolism – pyruvate dehydrogenase, shortening of branched fatty acids • Synthesis of acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA
at risk population of thiamine
Malabsorption • Alcoholism • Limited diet + thiaminases/antithiami nes (raw fish, ferns, tea) • Persistent vomiting • Refeeding syndrome • Maternal thiamine deficiency • HIV/AIDS • Bariatric surgery
deficiency symptoms of thiamine
• Fatigue and weakness • Beriberi Dry – peripheral neuropathy, calf tenderness Wet – peripheral neuropathy, tachycardia, edema, heart failure • Wernicke encephalopathy: opthalmoplegia (lateral gaze), ataxia, confusion, cerebellar nerve loss, neuroanatomy issues • Korsakoff’s psychosis: amnesia, confabulation, loss of spontaneity and initiative
upper limit of thiamine
none
additional notes of thiamine
Mostly stored in muscle, with a little in liver • Metabolically you see accumulation of lactate, low TCA intermediates and low neurotransmitter synthesis
source of niacin
• Whole grains (treated with alkali) • Meat and fish • Yeast • Nuts • Eggs • Milk • Tryptophan
function of niacin
Synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol, steroid hormones, ribonucleotides • DNA repair • Cell differentiation and replication • Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids • Glutamate synthesis
at risk population of niacin
Poor diets with very low protein/tryptophan (e.g. only maize, meat, molasses) • Hartnup’s disease (tryptophan disorder) • Carcinoid tumors
deficiency symptoms of niacin
Pellagra Dermatitis in sun-exposed areas Diarrhea, mucosal atrophy Dementia – anxiety, depression, insomnia, delirium and hallucinations Death • Neuropathy and muscle weakness
upper limit of niacin
35mg/day • Vasodilation and flushing • Heartburn, nausea, vomiting • Liver toxicity • Hyperuricemia and gout • Decreased insulin sensitivity
source of folate
Widely distributed • ‘Foliage’ • Leafy greens, brussel sprouts, spinach, broccoli • Yeast • Liver • Lima and kidney beans • Fortified foods
function of folate
Nucleotide synthesis and methylation • Homocysteine to methionine • Methyl THF to THF
at risk population of folate
Alcoholism • Poor diet • Malabsorption • Possibly medication interference
deficiency symptoms of folate
Manifests in rapidly proliferating tissues -Bone marrow: megaloblastic anemia -GI tract: diarrhea and malabsorption • Risk of certain cancers – breast, colorectal • Neural tube defects in infants
upper limit of folate
High intake may be associated with cancer (may accelerate growth in cancerous/precance rous cells) • Possibly heart disease
notes on folate
Stored primarily in liver • Fortified form folic acid, which is better absorbed
source of B12
Animal
proteins/pr
oducts
• yeast
function of B12
Cofactor for: -methionine synthase (with folate!) -Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
at risk population of B12
Vegetarians/vegans • Older adults (low gastric acid) • Malabsorption • GI surgery • Pernicious anemia (no intrinsic factor)
deficiency symptoms of B12
Megaloblastic anemia • Peripheral neuropathy • Optic neuropathy • Subacute spinal degeneration • Personality changes • Memory impairment • Depression
upper limit of B12
none
notes on B12
B12 in food is bound to protein and must be released by pepsin/stomach acid – when released, binds to R factors which is later replaced by intrinsic factor • Stored in liver
