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Nutrition > Vitamins And Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins And Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

______ are essential organic substances that produce deficiency symptoms when missing from diet

A

Vitamins

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2
Q

What are the basic functions of vitamins?

A

Coenzymes
Hormones
Antioxidants

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3
Q

T/F: vitamins yield no energy

A

True

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4
Q

What vitamins are important in blood formation (and clotting)?

A

Vitamin B-6 (PLP)
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)
Folate
Vitamin K

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5
Q

What vitamins play a role in protein and amino acid metabolism

A 
Vitamin B-6
Folate
Vitamin B-12
Vitamin C
Choline (not a true vitamin)
Riboflavin (indirect)
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6
Q

What vitamins are important in antioxidant defenses?

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin C
Carotenoids
Riboflavin (indirect)

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7
Q

What vitamins are important in gene expression

A

Vitamin A and Vitamin D

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8
Q

What vitamins are important in bone health?

A

Vitamin A
Vitamin D
Vitamin K
Vitamin C

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9
Q

What vitamins are important in energy metabolism

A 
Thiamin 
Riboflavin 
Niacin 
Panthothenic acid
Biotin 
Vitamin B-12 (cobalamin)
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10
Q

What fat soluble vitamins can accumulate in the body and be toxic?

A

Particularly vitamins A and D

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11
Q

Vitamin toxicity is most likely due to ______

A

Supplementation

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12
Q

________ vitamins are not readily excreted and can cause toxicity

A

Fat soluble vitamins

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13
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins transported?

A

Transported with fat in lipoproteins

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14
Q 
Vitamin A (retinoids) is a \_\_\_\_\_. 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in visual pigment 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in the immune system
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is important in cell growth and proliferation
A

Hormone
Retinal
Retinol
Retinoate

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15
Q

Vitamin D is a ______ and is important in ____ and ____ regulation

A

Hormone

Blood calcium and phosphorus regulation

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16
Q

Vitamin E is a ________. And may have some ______ function

A

General antioxidant

Coenzyme function. Aids in stabilizing free radicals

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17
Q

Vitamin K is a __________. It is important in ______ in blood and bone proteins

A

Prosthetic group coenzyme

Carboxylation glutamate

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18
Q

What are the major funcitons of vitamin A>

A

Promote vision
Promote growth
Prevent drying of skin and eyes
Promote resistance to bacterial infection and overall immune system function

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19
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin a for women? Men?

A

700 micrograms -women
900 micrograms-men

2300-3000 IU if as preformed vitamin A

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20
Q

What are the dietary sources of preformed vitamin A?

A

Liver
Fortified milk
Fortified breakfast cereals

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21
Q

What are the dietary sources of provitamin A?

A 
Sweet potatoes 
Spinach 
Greens
Carrots
Cantaloupe 
Apricots 
Broccoli
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22
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms?

A

Night blindness
Xerophthalmia
Poor growth
Dry skin

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23
Q

________ vitamin A isn’t toxic but ______ vitamin A is toxic

A

Proformed; preformed

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24
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin D?

A

Increase absorption o calcium and phosphorus

Maintain optimal blood calcium and calcification of bone

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25
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin D?

A

15 micrograms

600 IU

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26
Q

What are the dietary source so vitamin D?

A 
Vitamin D fortified milk 
Fortified breakfast cereals 
Fish oils 
Sardines 
Salmon
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27
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin D?

A

Rickets in children

Osteomalacia in adults

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28
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin D?

A

Growth retardation
Kidney damage
Calcium deposits in soft tissue

Upper level 100 micrograms

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29
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant prevents breakdown of vitamin A and unsaturated fatty acids

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30
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin E?

A

15 mg alpha tocopherol

22 IU natural form 33 IU synthetic form

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31
Q

What are some dietary sources of vitamin E?

A 
Plant oils 
Products made from plant oils 
Some greens 
Some fruits 
Nuts and seeds
Fortified breakfast cereals
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32
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?

A

Hemolysis of RBCs

Nerve degeneration

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33
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?

A

Muscle darkness
Headaches
Nausea
Inhibition of vitamin K metabolism

Upper level 1000 mg

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34
Q

What are the main functions of vitamin K?

A

Activation of blood-clotting factors

Activation of proteins involved in bone metabolism

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35
Q

What is the RDA of vitamin K for females? Males?

A

Women- 90 micrograms

Males- 120 micrograms

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36
Q

What are common dietary sources of vitamin K?

A

Green veggies
Liver
Some plant oils
Some calcium supplements

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37
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?

A

Hemorrhage

Fractures

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38
Q

What is the toxicity level of vitamin K?

A

No upper level has been set for toxicity

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39
Q

What si the most common cause of non-accidental blindness in the world?

A

Deficiency of vitamin A

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40
Q

What are examples of preformed vitamin A?

A

Retinol (retinoid) and retinyl esters

**found in animal sources

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41
Q

________ are carotenoids found in plant products

A

Provitamin A

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42
Q

Most carotenoids are not pro vitamin A. What 3 carotenoids are known to be converted to retinoids?

A

Beta-carotene ( most potent)
Alpha-carotene
Beta-crpyoxanthin

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43
Q

1 retinol activity equivalent (RAE) = ______ micrograms retinol, _____ micrograms of beta carotene, ____ micrograms of alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin

A

1 microgram retinol
12 microgram beta carotene
24 micrograms of alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin

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44
Q

1 IU vitamin A activity is equivalent to ____ micrograms retinol, ______ beta carotene, _____ alpha carotene and beta cryptoxanthin

A

.3 micrograms

  1. 6 micrograms
  2. 2 micrograms
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45
Q

Vitamin A hormone
Retinal: _______ ______
Retinol: ____ ______
Retinoate: _____ _____

A

Retinal- visual pigment
Retinol - immune system - T cell differentiation
Retinoate- cell growth and proliferation

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46
Q

What is the component of visual pigment rhodopsin?

A

11-cis retinal

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47
Q

_____ is a vitamin A deficiency that targets infants, pregnant women and cystic fibrosis. Symptoms include night blindness and bitot sports

A

Xeropthalmia

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48
Q

What are the possible carotenoid functions?

A

Prevention of cardiovascular disease
Cancer prevention
Age-related macular degeneration
Cataracts

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49
Q

__________ is a prohormone derived from cholesterol

A

Vitamin D

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50
Q

Where is vitamin D activated?

A

Liver and kidneys

7-dehydrocholesterol in skin
25-hydroxyvitamin D in liver
1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D in kidney

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51
Q

What are the funcitons of vitamin D?

A

Regulates blood calcium along with PTH
Regulates Ca+ and P absorption
Reduces kidney excretion of calcium
Regulated calcium deposition in bone

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52
Q

What are vitamin E funcitons?

A

Protects double bonds in unsaturated FA

Improves vitamin A reabsoprtion

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53
Q

_______ prevents free radical formation by acting as an electron donor and along with glutathione peroxidase it functions to remove peroxide’s during oxidation of PUFAs

A

Vitamin E

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54
Q

_______ from plant sources main dietary form and more biologically active

A

Phylloquinones (K1)

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55
Q

_________ from fish oils, meats and intestinal bacteria

A

Menaquinones (K2)

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56
Q

___________ functions in carboxylation of glutamate residues of proenzyme forms of clotting factors. Activation of carboxylate clotting factors by ______ ions

A

Vitamin K

Ca2+

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57
Q

_______ functions in bone matrix proteins as regulators of calcification and differentiation involving Matrix-gla protein and osteocalcin

A

Vitamin K

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58
Q

_______ deficiency results in bleeding disorders or hemorrhages and calcification diseases (vascular calcification)

A

Vitamin K

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59
Q

What are the DRIs for the lipid soluble vitamins ADEK

A

A- 700-900 micrograms
D- 15 micrograms
E- 15 milligrams
K 90-120 micrograms

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60
Q

Water soluble vitamins function as ______

A

Coenzymes and participate in energy metabolism

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61
Q

Because of the enrichment act, what vitamins were added to the bread/grains group?

A

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate (plus iron)

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62
Q

What is the coenzyme example of thiamin?

A

Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)

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63
Q

What are coenzyme examples of riboflavin?

A 
flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
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64
Q

What is the coenzyme example of pantothenic acid?

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

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65
Q

What is the coenzyme example of biotin?

A

N-carboxylbiotinyl lysine

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66
Q

What is the coenzyme example for vitamin B-6?

A

Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

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67
Q

What is the coenzyme zymogens example for vitamin B-12?

A

Methylcobalamin

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68
Q

Enriched grains are still deficient in what 3 things?

A

B-6, Mg and Zn

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69
Q

What are the major functions of thiamin?

A

Coenzyme of carbohydrate metabolism

Nerve function

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70
Q

What are the main functions of riboflavin?

A

Coenzyme of carbohydrate metabolism

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71
Q

Niacin functions as a coenzyme of ____, ______ and _____

A

Energy
Fat synthesis
Fat breakdown

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72
Q

Pantothenic acid functions as a coenzyme of ____, ___, and _____

A

Energy, fat synthesis, and fat breakdown

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73
Q

Biotin functions as a coenzyme of ______ and _____

A

Glucose production and fat synthesis

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74
Q

Vitamin B-6 functions as a coenzyme of ______. ______ and ______

A

Coenzyme of protein metabolism
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Hemoglobin synthesis

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75
Q

what is the major function of folate?

A

Coenzyme involved in DNA synthesis

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76
Q

What are the major functions of vitamin B-12?

A

Coenzyme of folate metabolism

Nerve function

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77
Q

what are the major functions of vitamin C?

A

CT synthesis
Hormone synthesis
Neurotransmitter synthesis
Possible antioxidant activity

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78
Q

What are the major funcitons of choline?

A

Neurotransmitter synthesis

Phospholipid synthesis

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79
Q 
What are the RDA values of the water soluble vitamins?
B1
B2
B3
B5
B6
B7-Biotin
Folate 
B-12 
Vitamin C
Choline
A 
B1- 1.1-1.2 mg
B2- 1.1-1.3 mg
B3- 14-16mg
B5- 5mg
B6- 1.3-1.7 mg
B7-30 micrograms 
Folate - 400 micrograms 
Vitamin B-12 - 2.4 micrograms 
Vitamin C- 75-90 mg
Choline- 425-550 mg
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80
Q

What are some dietary sources of B-6?

A 
Animal protein foods
Spinach 
Broccoli 
Bananas 
Salmon 
Sunflower seeds
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81
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of B6?

A 
Headache 
Anemia 
Convulsions 
Nausea 
Vomiting 
Flaky skin 
Sore tongue
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82
Q

Is the upper level of B6?

A

100mg based on nerve destruction

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83
Q

What are the dietary sources of folate?

A

Green leafy veggies
Orange juice
Sprouts
Sunflower seeds

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84
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of folate?

A 
Megaloblastic anemia 
Inflammaiton of tongue 
Diarrhea 
Poor growth 
Depression
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85
Q

What is the upper level of folate?

A

None likely

UL for adults set at 100 micrograms for synthetic folic acid based on masking of B-12

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86
Q

Why is the upper limit o folate in adults set to 1000 micrograms?

A

Based on masking of B-12 deficiency

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87
Q

What are the dietary sources of B-12?

A 
Animal foods
Organ meats 
Oysters
Clams 
Fortified ready to eat breakfast cereals
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88
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of B-12?

A

Macrocytic anemia

Poor nerves function

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89
Q

What are the dietary sources of vitamin C?

A

Citrus fruits
Strawberries
Broccoli
Greens

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90
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy
Poor wound healing
Pinpoint hemorrhages
Bleeding gums

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91
Q

What is the upper level of vitamin C?

A

2 grams based on the development of diarrhea

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92
Q

UL is 3.5 of choline and is based on ______

A

Development of fishy body odor and reduced blood pressure

93
Q

What are the dietary sources of B1?

A 
Sunflower seeds
Pork 
Whole grains 
Dried grains 
Peas
94
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of B-1?

A

Beriberi - NS tingling, poor coordination, edema, heart changes, weakness

95
Q

What are the dietary sources of B2?

A 
Milk
Mushrooms
Spinach
Liver
Enriched grains
96
Q

What are deficiency symptoms of B2?

A

Inflammaiton of mouth and tongue
Tracks at corners of the mouth
Eye disorders

97
Q

What are dietary sources of niacin?

A

Mushrooms
Bran
Tuna

98
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of B-3 (niacin)?

A

Pellagra- diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, death

99
Q

What is the upper level of B3?

A

35 mg from supplements based on flushing of skin

100
Q

Which water soluble vitamins have toxicity?

A 
Niacin 
B-6
Folate (likely bc masks B-12)
Vitamin C
Choline
101
Q

Which water soluble vitamins do not have toxicity symptoms?

A

B1, B2, B5 and biotin (unknown), B-12

102
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction and deficiencies associated with Thiamin?

A

TPP
Decarboxylation and 2C transfer
Berg-beri and wernickle and korakoff syndrome

103
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency associated with riboflavin?

A

FAD/FMN
Redox
Ariboflavinosis

104
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiency associated with B3?

A

NAD+/ NADP+
Redox
Pellagra

105
Q

What are examples of coenzymes of pantothenate?

A

CoA and ACP

106
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, and deficiencies associated with biotin?

A

Biocytin
Carboxylation
Dermatitis, hairloss, conjunctivitis, and CNS problems

107
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with B-6?

A

PLP
Amino transfer and decarboxylation
Dermatitis. Depression and confusion

108
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with folate?

A

THFA
One-c transfer, amino acid and nucleotide metabolism
Megaloblastic anemia, spina bifida and anencephaly

109
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with B-12?

A

Methyl and deoxycobalamin
Oxidation of odd chain FA, folate metabolism and funcitonal RBCs
Pernicious and megaloblastic anemia

110
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with ascorbate?

A

Coenzyme- none
Reaction- antioxidant
Deficiency- scurvy

111
Q

What is the coenzyme, reaction, deficiency associated with choline?

A

Cosubstrate
Homocysteine metabolism and precursor of PL and acetylcholine
Deficiency- none

112
Q

What is the syndrome associated with thiamin deficiency? And who is mainly effected?

A

Wernicke-koraskoff syndrome

Alcoholics

113
Q

In wernicke-koraskoff syndrome, there is a mutation in _______ which lowers the affinity for _____

A

Transketolase

TPP

114
Q

In alcoholics the need for thiamin is increased about _____

A

10X

115
Q

What are symptoms of Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?

A

Involuntary eye movement, double vision, mental confusion and ataxia

116
Q

What are 2 deficiency diseases of riboflavin?

A

Ariboflavosis

Cheliosis

117
Q

_______ is a rare riboflavin deficiency, inflammation and poor wound healing are components of it

A

Ariboflavonosis

118
Q

________ is a ______ deficiency which causes cracking of tissue around lips and mouth

A

Cheliosis ; B2

119
Q

What are the 4 D’s associated with pellagra?

A

Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death

120
Q

_____ is the only dietary deficiency to reach epidemic proportions in the US

A

Pellagra (niacin deficiency)

* enrichment act of 1941

121
Q

What are the functions of biotin in carboxylation reactions? (Metabolic pathways)

A

Gluconeogenesis
FA synthesis
Oxidation of odd chain FA
FA elongation

122
Q

______ have a mandatory requirement for biotin

A

Carboxylases

123
Q

_____ particiapates in 100+ enzymatic reactions and is involved in metabolism of amino acids

A

B-6

124
Q

B-6 is a involved in what reactions of amino acids?

A

Decarboxylation fo amino acids (decaboxylases) and transamination reactions (transaminases)

125
Q

What are the 7 functions of B-6?

A 
Decarboxylases and transaminases
Heme synthesis 
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism 
Neurotransmitter synthesis 
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin 
Immune function
126
Q

What coenzyme is involved converts tryptophan to niacin?

A

B-6

127
Q

______ is an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to cysteine

A

Homocysteine

128
Q

_______ is a marker for about 1/3 of ppl with atherosclerosis

A

Homocysteine

129
Q

Homocysteine metabolized with vitamins _____, ____ and ______

A

B-6
B-12
Folate

130
Q

What are the functions of folate B-9?

A

DNA synthesis
Homocysteine metabolism
Neurotransmitter formation
Amino acid metabolism

131
Q

What is the RDA of folate for pregnant women?

A

600 micrograms

132
Q

Either _____ or ______ deficiency may cause megaloblastic anemia

A

Folate or B-12

133
Q

_______ is free vitamin B-12
_______ is coenzyme form of B-12
________ is another coenzyme form of B-12

A

Cyanocobalamin
Methylcobalamin
5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

134
Q

B-12 contains has a protoporhyin ring with ______ as a group and is the largest water soluble vitamin

A

Cobalt

135
Q

Vitamin B-12 binds with ______ in the stomach.

A

R-protein

136
Q

_____ releases R-protein from B-12 in the SI where B-12 links with ______

A

Trypsin

Intrinsic factor

137
Q

How is vitamin B-12 absorbed?

A

Bound to intrinsic factor. Absorbed in the ileum

138
Q

B-12 transport protein is ______

A

Transcobalamin II

139
Q

Where is B-12 stored?

A

Liver

140
Q

what are funcitons of B-12

A

Oxidation of odd Caron FA
Folate metabolism
Homocysteine metabolism
Maintenance of myelin sheath

141
Q

What are diseases caused in the deficiency of B-12

A

Megaloblastic anemia and pernicious anemia (impaired secretion of intrinsic factor)

142
Q

What are functions of vitamin C?

A

Antioxidant (not considered a coenzyme)
Collagen processing
Iron absorption (keeps it reduced Fe2+) (non-heme)
Biosynthesis of carnititne, hormones, neurotransmitters and bile acids

143
Q

Vitamin C deficiency can result in ______ is deficient for 20-40 days

A

Scurvy

144
Q

What are functions are choline?

A

Cell membrane structure
Single carbon metabolism
Neurotransmission and brain health
Lipid transport

145
Q

________ is a precursor of betaine

A

Choline

146
Q

What is the AI of choline
Women ____
Men_____

A

425mg

550mg

147
Q

What are sources of choline?

A 
Eggs
Soybeans 
Cauliflower, beans 
Almonds and peanuts 
Lecithin
148
Q

_______ comprises 50-70% of the body weight

A

Water

149
Q

Lean muscle contains _______% water

Fat tissue contains _____% water

A

73%

20%

150
Q

What is the AI of water for men? For women?

A

Men- 15 cups (3.7L/d)

Women - 11 cups (2.7L/d)

151
Q

______ signals kidneys to retain more Na+

A

Aldosterone

152
Q

_____ signals adrenal glands to produce aldosterone

A

Angiotensin

153
Q

Minerals have _____ and _____ roles

A

Structural and dynamic roles

154
Q

Major minerals require ______ mg/day

A

Greater than 100mg

Ex: Ca and P

155
Q

Trace minerals or micro-minerals require ______ mg/day

A

Less than 100

Ex: Fe and Zn

156
Q

What are the major cations inside the cell? Major anions inside the cell?

A

K+ and Mg+

Phosphate and sulfate

157
Q

What are the major cations outside the cell? Major anions?

A

Sodium and calcium

Chloride and bicarbonate

158
Q

Vitamin C improves _____ absorption

A

Fe2+

159
Q

vitamin D improves absorption of ____, _____ and _____

A

Ca, P, Mg

160
Q

Fiber inhibits _____ and ____ among others

A

Iron and Zinc

161
Q

Phytic acid inhibits ____

A

Zinc

162
Q

Oxalis acid inhibits ____ and other minerals

A

Calcium

163
Q

What does DASH stand for in the DASH diet?

A

Dietary approaches to Stop Hypertension

164
Q

Explain the DASH diet and what the target nutrients are.

A

Low in fat and sodium
High in fruits and veggies and low fat dairy products

Target nutrients: Ca, K, Mg, Na, fiber, total fat, sat fat an cholesterol

165
Q

_______ helps keep blood pressure normal

A

K+

166
Q

What are rich sources of K+?

A

Fruits, veggies and whole grains

167
Q

About ____% of calcium in dairy products is absorbed

A

30

168
Q

A 154 lb (70 kg) person has approximately _____ lb of Ca sorted in bones and teeth

A

Approximately 2.2-3 lbs

1-1.4 kg

169
Q

What are some funcitons of Mg?

A 
Stabilizes ATP and ADP and other nucleotides 
Contributes to DNA and RNA synthesis 
K+ and Ca metabolism 
Proper nerve and caridac functions 
Insulin release from pancreas
May prevent heart rhythm abnormalities
170
Q

What are 7 examples of major minerals?

A 
Na
K
Cl
Ca
P
Mg
S
171
Q

What are the RDAs for sodium?
Age 19-50
Age 51-70
Ages> 70

A

19-50: 1500mg
51-70: 1300mg
>70: 1200mg

172
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of sodium?

A

Hypertension contributor
Increases calcium loss in urine

UL is 2300mg

173
Q

What s the RDA of K?

A

4700 mg

174
Q

What are dietary sources of K+?

A 
Spinach
Squash
Bananas
Orange juice 
Milk
Meat
Legumes
Whole grains
175
Q

What are deficiency symptoms of K?

A

Irregular heart beat
Loss of appetite
Muscle cramps

176
Q

What is the RDA of Cl-?

A

2300mg

177
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Cl-?

A

Convulsions in infants

178
Q

What is the upper level of Cl-?

A

3600 mg

179
Q

What is the RDA of calcium?
Age 9-18
Age >18

A

1300mg

1000-1200mg

180
Q

What are the major funcitons of Mg?

A

Bone formation
Aids in enzyme function
Aid nerve and heart function

181
Q

What are the major functions of phosphorus?

A

Bone and tooth strength
Part of various metabolic compounds
Acid/base balance

182
Q

What is the RDA of P?
Age 9-18
Age greater than 18

A

1250mg

700mg

183
Q

What is the RDA of Mg?

A

400-420mg men

310-320 mg women

184
Q

What is the daily nutritional need of trace minerals?

A

Less than 100mg/d
Less than 5 grams in total body
Less than 1 % of body total minerals

185
Q

What are the 9 trace minerals?

A 
Fe
Zn
Se
I
Cu
F
Chromium
Mn 
Molybdenum
186
Q 
What are the adequate intakes of the trace minerals?
Fe
Zn
Se
I
Cu
F
Chromium 
Mn 
Molybdenum
A 
Fe- 8mg (men) 18 mg (postmenopausal women)
Zn- 11mg (men) 8 mg women 
Se - 55 micrograms 
I - 150 micrograms
Cu- 900 micrograms 
F- men 3.8 mg, women 3.1 mg
Chromium- 25-35 micrograms 
Mn- 1.8-2.3 mg 
Molybdenum- 45 micrograms
187
Q

What are the major functions of Fe?

A

Components of Hb
Immune function
Cognitive development

188
Q

What are the major functions of Zn?

A 
Required for many enzymes
Growth
Immunity 
Alcohol metabolism 
Sexual development 
Reproduction 
Antioxidant protection
189
Q

What is the major function of Se?

A

Part of an antioxidant system

190
Q

What is the major funciton of iodide?

A

Component of thyroid Hormone

191
Q

What are the major functions of Cu?

A

Aids in iron metabolism
Works with many antioxidant systems
Protein metabolism

192
Q

What is the main function of Fluroide?

A

Increases resistance of tooth enamel to dental carries

193
Q

What is the main funciton of chromium?

A

Enhances insulin action

194
Q

What is the main function of Mn?

A

Cofactor of one enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism

Works with some antioxidant system

195
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of Fe?

A

Fatigue
Anemia
Low blood Hb

196
Q

What are some toxicity symptoms and the upper limit of Fe?

A

Liver and heart damage
GI upset
UL- 45mg

197
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of Zn? And

A

Skin rash
Diarrhea
Cramps
Depressed immune function

198
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Zn and what is its upper level?

A 
Reduced Cu absorption 
Diarrhea 
Cramps
Depressed immune system funciton
UL- 40 mg
199
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Se?

A

Muscle pain, weakness and form of heart disease

200
Q

What are the toxicity symptoms of Se and what is its upper limit?

A 
Nausea
Vomiting 
Hair loss 
Weakness 
Liver disease 
UL- 400 micrograms
201
Q

What are the deficiency symptoms of Iodine?

A

Goiter
Mental retardation
Poor growth in infancy

202
Q

What is the UL of iodine?

A

1.1 mg

Too much leads to inhibition of thyroid function

203
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of Cu?

A

Anemia
Low WBC count
Poor growth

204
Q

What is the upper level of Cu?

A

8-10 mg

Vomiting and nervous system disorders

205
Q

What is the deficiency symptom of chromium?

A

High blood glucose after eating

206
Q

_______ is a major source of heme iron

A

Red meat

207
Q

_____ is a poor source of iron

A

Milk

208
Q

What is a good source of many trace minerals?

A

Seafood

209
Q

What is the sotrage form of iron?

A

Ferritin

210
Q

How is iron transported?

A

Transferrin

211
Q

Non-heme iron must be _____ for transport across the brush border and then ______ to be bound to transferrin for transport

A

Reduced to heme iron for absorption

Oxidized to non-heme iron for transport in the blood bound to transferrin

212
Q

What are factors that increase Fe absorption?

A 
High body demand for RBC
Low body stores of Fe
Heme iron in food 
Meat protein factor (MPF)
Vitamin C intake 
Gastric acidity
213
Q

What ar the factors that decrease Fe absorption?

A 
High levels of ferritin (stored Fe)
Phytic acid in whole grains and legumes
Oxalis acid in leafy veggies 
Polyphenols in tea, coffee, red wine and oregano 
Reduced gastric acidity
Excessive intake of Zn, Mn or Ca
214
Q

What are 3 funcitonal proteins Fe is in?

A

Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
Iron-containing enzymes

215
Q

What are 2 transport proteins Fe is in?

A

Transferrin

Ferroportin

216
Q

What are the storage proteins of Fe?

A

Ferritin hemosiderin

217
Q

What is unique about Fe anemia?

A

RBC are microcytic and hypochromic

218
Q

_______ deficiency can lead to hemolytic anemia
______ deficiency can lead to hemorrhagic anemia
______ defines can lead to microcytic and siderblastic anemia

A

Vitamin E
Vitamin K
B-6

219
Q

What are excellent sources of Zn?

A

Shellfish, lobsters, crabs and oysters

220
Q

The higher the animal protein uptake the higher the _____ absorption

A

Zn

221
Q

______ is important in growth and development of sexual organs and bones

A

Zn

222
Q

What is the adequate intake of F?

A

3.1 to 3.8

223
Q

_____ is involved in glucose homeostasis

A

Chromiu,

224
Q

Catalase
Aconitase ETC complexes I-IV
All require what mineral?

A

Fe

225
Q

What is the function of catalase and what is the cofactor for it?

A

Breakdown of H2O2

Fe

226
Q

What is the function of aconitase and what mineral is the cofactor for it?

A

Conversion of citrate to isocitrate

Fe

227
Q

What mineral is important in ETC complexes and what is the function?

A

Fe

Oxidative phosphorylation

228
Q 
Alcohol dehydrogenase 
Carbonic anhydrase
Carboxypeptidase A
Insulin-degrading enzyme 
All have which mineral as their cofactor?
A

Zn

Nutrition (4 decks)

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