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Nutrition > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

_________ is the state in which energy intake, in the form of food and/or beverage matches the energy expended

A

Energy balance

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of positive energy balance?

A

Energy intake > energy expended

Stored energy eventually results in weight gain

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3
Q

In what situations is it good to have a positive energy balance?

A

Pregnancy
Infancy
Childhood
Following disease to restore healthy body weight

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of negative energy balance

A

Energy intake < energy expended

Energy stored ( fat and muscle) is used to make up for the shortfall in energy intake resulting in weight loss

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5
Q

What is the definition of 1 kilocalorie

A

The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius

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6
Q

What are the 4 methods of energy output?

A

BMR (basal metabolic rate)
Physical activity
Digestion, absorption and processing of ingested nutrients (thermic effect of food)
Thermogenesis

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7
Q

What si BMR?

A

The minimum energy expended to keep a resting, awake body alive in a fasting state (12 h or more)

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8
Q

What are some charcteristics of BMR?

A

60-70% of total energy needs

Included energy needed for maintaining a heartbeat, respiration, body temperature

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9
Q

_______ is energy used by the body when the person is NOT fasting or completely rested

A

RMR

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10
Q

_______ is typically about 6% higher than _____

A

RMR is typically about 6% higher than the BMR

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11
Q

What is the basal metabolism energy factor for men? Women?

A

Men: 1 kcal/kg HBW X hr

Women: 0.9 kcal/kg HBW X hr

*HBW= healthy body weight

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12
Q

What does EER stand for?

A

Estimated energy requirements

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13
Q

EER takes into account what to estimate the energy requirements of adult males or females?

A

Height
Weight
Physical activity

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14
Q

What are the factors that influence Basal metabolism?

A 
Body surface area (weight, height)
Gender
Lean body mass
Body temperature 
Thyroid hormone 
Nervous system activity 
Age ( decreases every 10 years over 30)
Caloric intake 
Pregnancy 
Use of caffeine and tobacco
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15
Q

________ is the energy used to digest, absorb, and metabolize food nutrients

A

Thermic effect of food (TEF)

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16
Q

______ meals gives higher TEF values than the same amount of food eaten over many hours

A

Large meals

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17
Q

TEF depends in art on food composition

__________> ______> ______

A

Protein rich > carb-rich > Fat rich

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18
Q

________ is nonvoluntary physical activity triggered by overeating or cold environment

A

Thermogenesis

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19
Q

What are examples of thermogenesis

A 
Fidgeting 
Shivering 
Maintenance of muscle tone 
Posture 
Increases in the sympathetic NS activity
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20
Q

brown adipose tissue is an example of _______. Where proteins uncouple energy release from ATP production. Energy is lost as ____

A

Thermogenesis

Heat

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21
Q

________ measures heat output from the body using an insulated chamber

A

Direct calorimetry

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22
Q

________ measures the amount of oxygen a person uses

A

Indirect calorimetry

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23
Q

A relationship exists between the body’s use of energy and ______

A

Oxygen

  • 1L of O2 per every 5 calories.
  • 2000 calories need about 400 L of O2
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24
Q

________ estimates resting energy needs in clinical situations (resting energy)

A

Harris-Benedict equation

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25
Q 
What are the BMI ranges for the following?
Underweight
Healthyweight 
Overweight 
Obese
Morbidly/severely obese
A 
Underweight <18.5
Healthy weight 18.5-24.9
Overweight 25-29.9
Obese 30-39.9
Severely obese >40
26
Q

What is the healthy BMI range? What BMI does health risks start?

A

Healthy BMI - 18.5-24.9

Health risks start at BMI greater than or equal to 25

27
Q

______ alone should not be used to diagnose overweight or obesity

A

BMI

28
Q

A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is a marker of ______, not necessarily a marker of _______

A

Overweight; overfat

29
Q

What are ways of measuring body fat content?

A 
Underwater weighing 
BodPod
Skinfold thickness
Bioelectrical impedance analysis 
DEXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry)
30
Q

_____ is very Accurate in measuring body fat content because fat is less dense than lean tissue

A

Underwater weighing

31
Q

______ is low energy current to the body that measures the resistance to electrical flow

A

Bioelectrical impedance analysis

32
Q

In the bioelectrical impedance analysis how does it measure the body fat amount?

A

Fat is resistant to electrical flow

The more resistance, the more body fat you have

33
Q

_________ is a X ray body scan that allows for the determination of body fat, fat- free tissue and bone

A

DEXA- dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

34
Q

What tool is used to study bone density and osteoporosis?

A

DEXA - dual energy X-ray absorptiometry

35
Q

_________ is considered the most accurate method in measuring bone density and osteoporosis and alllows for the determination of body fat, fat free tissue and bone

A

DEXA

36
Q

________ obesity is associated with more heart disease, hypertension and type II diabetes

A

Upper-body ( android) obesity

37
Q

What effect does fat have on the liver?

A

Effects the livers ability to clear insulin and lipoprotein

38
Q

How is upper body (android) obesity defined?

A

As waist measurement of greater than 40” in men and greater than 35” in women

39
Q

What hormones stimulate upper odd Android obesity?

A

Testosterone and excessive alcohol

40
Q

_______ obesity is encourage by estrogen and progesterone and has less risk than upper-body obesity

A

Lower body ( gynecoid) obesity

41
Q

_______ is an important measure of weight related health risk

A

Waist circumference

42
Q

_________ accounts for 40-70% of weight differences

A

Genetics

43
Q

What 3 things do genes affect?

A

Metabolic rate
Fuel use
Brain chemistry

44
Q

What are 3 components of a sound weight loss plan?

A

Control of energy intake
Physical activity
Behavior modification

45
Q

_____ nutrient density, _____ energy density, and ______ fiber is a great start to a better diet

A

High; low; high

46
Q

_________ in human causes changes that protect against many age-related pathologies

A

Dietary restriction

47
Q

______ increases the risk of chronic age-related diseases such as, type 2 diabetes, heart diseas, osteoarthritis and certain types of cancer

A

Obesity

48
Q

Body fat contains about ________ kcal per pound

A

3500 kcal

49
Q

Fat storage ( body fat plus supporting lean tissue ) contains _______ kcal per pound

A

3300

50
Q

Must have an energy deficit of about ______ kcal to lose a pond per week

A

3300

51
Q

3500 kcal rule is now replace with newer more accurate weight loss predictors which take into account the concept of _________

A

Metabolic adaptiveness

52
Q

If energy deficit of 500 kcal/day; then expected weight loss: ___ lbs per year

If energy deficit of 10 kcal/day then expected weight loss is _______ lb every 3 years

A

23

1

53
Q

Describe the behavior modification of chain breaking

A

Delink behaviors which are often coupled

Ex: eating popcorn and watching movies

54
Q

Describe the behavior modification strategy, stimulus control.

A

Control external stimuli which stimulate temptation

Ex: replace energy dense snacks with nutrient dense snacks in the pantry/ refrigerator

55
Q

Describe the behavior modification strategy, cognitive restructuring

A

Changing the mindset

Ex: instead of eating a bucket of ice cream after a bad day, go for a walk with a friend

56
Q

Describe the behavior modification strategy contingency management

A

Back up planning. For situations that may trigger over eating or limit physical activity
Ex: rain, snow, parties and celebrations

57
Q

Describe the behavior modification strategy, self monitoring

A

Maintaining a food/exercise log to monitor over eating and activity levels.

58
Q

Describe the behavior modification strategy, relapse prevention

A

Stay positive and develop the grit to get back on track after occasional lapse
Ex: motivation, movement and monitoring

59
Q

What is the BMI of an underweight person?

A

Less than 18.5

60
Q

When might bariatric surgery be a good option for a patient?

A

When severe morbidly obese, with a BMI greater than 40

Nutrition (4 decks)

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