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Biochemistry > vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

constituents of food necessary to sustain normal functions of the body

A

nutrients

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2
Q

these are nutrients that the body needs in larger amount

A

macronutrients

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3
Q

these are nutrients that the body needs in smaller amount

A

micronutrients

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4
Q

these are nutrients that provide the body with energy in the form of calories

A

macronutrients

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5
Q

nutrients that do not provide calories

A

micronutrients

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6
Q

these are micronutrients that are organic substances and are easily destroyed by cooking with heat or chemical reagents

A

vitamins

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7
Q

these are micronutrients that are inorganic and not vulnerable to heat, sunlight, or chemical agents

A

minerals

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8
Q

this happens due to accumulation of certain nutrient in the body leading to clinical manifestations

A

toxicity

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9
Q

this happens due to lack of certain nutrient in the body leading to clinical manifestations

A

deficiency

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10
Q

list the vitamins that can be synthesized endogenously by humans

A

vitamin d, k, biotin, pantothenic acid, niacin

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11
Q

this vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan which is an essential amino acid and it also requires vitamin b2 and b6

A

niacin

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11
Q

what vitamins can be synthesized in the intestinal microflora

A

vitamin k, biotin, pantothenic acid

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12
Q

what are the animal sources of vitamin a

A

fish liver oil, animal liver, eggs, meat, dairy

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13
Q

true or false: fat soluble vitamins are not readily excreted in the feces

A

true

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14
Q

what are the sources of cholecalciferol (D3)

A

endogenous synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol activated by UVB

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14
Q

what are the plant sources of vitamin a (b-carotene)

A

carrots, yellow fruits, green leafy veggies

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15
Q

what are the sources of ergocalciferol (D2)

A

fungus

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16
Q

what are the sources of vitamin e

A

vegetable oils

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16
Q

what are the sources of phylloquinone (K1)

A

green leafy vegetables

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16
Q

what are the sources of menadione (K3)

A

synthetic, water soluble form in dietary supplements

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17
Q

what are the sources of menaquinone (K2)

A

bacterial flora synthesis

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18
Q

what are the sources of thiamine

A

starchy food: flour, rice, yeast; some animal products

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19
Q

what are the sources of riboflavin

A

milk and eggs; some plant products

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20
Q

what are the sources of niacin

A

livers, animal products, unrefined and enriched grains

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21
Q

what are the sources of pantothenic acid

A

eggs, liver, yeast, some plant products, bacterial flora

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22
Q

what are the sources of pyridoxine

A

animal products, starchy veggies

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23
Q

what are the sources of biotin

A

animal products, nuts

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24
Q

what are the sources of folic acid

A

green leafy vegetables, legumes

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25
Q

what are the sources of cobalamin

A

animal products only

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26
Q

what are the sources of ascorbic acid

A

citrus, some animal products

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27
Q

where are folic acid and cobalamin stored

A

liver

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28
Q

other name for vitamin a

A

retinol

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29
Q

refers to provitamins of vitamin a present in plants

A

carotenoids

30
Q

11-cis retinal, for normal vision

A

retinal

31
Q

retinoid for normal morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation

A

retinoic acid

32
Q

retinoid for reproduction of cells, absorbed by intestinal cells

A

retinol

33
Q

storage form of vitamin A in liver

A

retinyl ester

34
Q

most prevalent carotenoid in the food supply that has provitamin A activity

A

b-carotene

35
Q

type of carotenoid for protection against macular degeneration

A

lutein

36
Q

type of carotenoid for protection against prostate cancer

A

lycopene

37
Q

list the functions of vitamin A

A
  1. maintenance of vision
  2. normal reproduction
  3. maintenance of skin and mucosa
  4. antioxidant properties
38
Q

most light-sensitive pigment in rods; formed by covalent association between cis-retinal and opsin

A

rhodopsin

39
Q

b-carotene replenishes what vitamin in the blood

A

vit e

40
Q

most common vitamin deficiency in worldwide

A

vitamin a

41
Q

most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide

A

vitamin a deficiency

42
Q

what is the collective term for all ocular manifestations of vitamin a deficiency

A

xeropthalmia

43
Q

earliest sign of vitamin a deficiency

A

loss of sensitivity to green light

44
Q

earliest symptom of vitamin a deficiency

A

night blindness (nyctalopia)

45
Q

the dryness of the conjunctiva

A

xerosis

46
Q

white patches of keratinized epithelium appearing on the sclera

A

bitot spots

47
Q

this is the softening of cornea

A

keratomalacia

48
Q

can cause blindness thru corneal scarring

A

corneal ulceration

49
Q

used to treat cutaneous porphyria

A

b-carotene

50
Q

used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia

A

all-trans-retinoic acid

51
Q

used to treat acne and childhood neuroblastoma

A

13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin)

52
Q

in which population does vitamin a toxicity most commonly occur

A

artic explorers who eat polar bear liver

53
Q

manifestations of acute vitamin a toxicity

A

pseudotumor cerebri: headache, vomiting, blurred vision, stupor

54
Q

chronic toxicity of vitamin a

A

increased risk for hip fracture, teratogenic in pregnancy

55
Q

vitamin: group of sterol with hormone-like function

A

vitamin d

56
Q

most biologically active form of vitamin d

A

calcitriol

57
Q

normal range for circulating 25-OHcholecalciferol

A

20-100mL

58
Q

true or false: less than 20 ng/mL of vitamin d is associated with increased incidence of colon, breast, and prostate cancer

A

true

59
Q

functions of vitamin d

A
  1. calcium and phosphorus homeostasis
  2. prevents mycobacterium tuberculosis
  3. mineralization of bones
60
Q

vit. d deficiency in children: before closure of epiphysis

A

rickets

61
Q

vit. d deficiency in adults: after closure of epiphysis

A

osteomalacia

62
Q

vitamin d toxicity

A

increased Calcium, hypertension, metastatic calcification of soft tissues

63
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
axonal degeneration -> muscle weakness

A

vitamin e deficiency

64
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
nerve and muscle damage

A

vitamin e deficiency

65
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
acanthocytosis of RBCs -> hemolytic anemia

A

vitamin e deficiency

66
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
reduces platelet aggregation coz interferes with effects of vitamin k

A

vitamin e toxicity

67
Q

Collective name for all stereoisomers of tocopherols & tocotrienols

A

Vitamin e

68
Q

Most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant: serves as a chain-breaking antioxidant
◦Efficient radical scavenger -> protects LDL & PUFAs in membranes from oxidation

A

Vitamin e

69
Q

Most potent form of vitamin E

A

A-tocopherol

70
Q

Identify vitamin:
Functions:
Does not have a precisely defined metabolic function
Major lipid-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes
Maintains fluidity of cell membranes
Poorly define role in cell signaling

A

Vitamin e

71
Q

Identify vitamin:
Functions:
Does not have a precisely defined metabolic function
Major lipid-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes
Maintains fluidity of cell membranes
Poorly define role in cell signaling

A

Vitamin e

72
Q

least toxic fat-soluble vitamin

A

vitamin e

73
Q

it is a naphthoquinone derivative with long isoprenoid side chain

A

vitamin k

74
Q

vitamin for coagulation

A

vitamin k (factors 1972; protein c and s)

75
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
bleeding diathesis (increased tendency to bleed) - but rare in adults

A

vitamin k deficiency

76
Q

identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity:
hemolysis -> hyperbilirubinemia -> kernicterus (CNS damage)

A

vitamin k toxicity

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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