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vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

constituents of food necessary to sustain normal functions of the body

A

nutrients

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2
Q

these are nutrients that the body needs in larger amount

A

macronutrients

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3
Q

these are nutrients that the body needs in smaller amount

A

micronutrients

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4
Q

these are nutrients that provide the body with energy in the form of calories

A

macronutrients

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5
Q

nutrients that do not provide calories

A

micronutrients

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6
Q

these are micronutrients that are organic substances and are easily destroyed by cooking with heat or chemical reagents

A

vitamins

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7
Q

these are micronutrients that are inorganic and not vulnerable to heat, sunlight, or chemical agents

A

minerals

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8
Q

this happens due to accumulation of certain nutrient in the body leading to clinical manifestations

A

toxicity

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9
Q

this happens due to lack of certain nutrient in the body leading to clinical manifestations

A

deficiency

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10
Q

list the vitamins that can be synthesized endogenously by humans

A

vitamin d, k, biotin, pantothenic acid, niacin

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11
Q

this vitamin can be synthesized from tryptophan which is an essential amino acid and it also requires vitamin b2 and b6

A

niacin

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11
Q

what vitamins can be synthesized in the intestinal microflora

A

vitamin k, biotin, pantothenic acid

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12
Q

what are the animal sources of vitamin a

A

fish liver oil, animal liver, eggs, meat, dairy

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13
Q

true or false: fat soluble vitamins are not readily excreted in the feces

A

true

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14
Q

what are the sources of cholecalciferol (D3)

A

endogenous synthesis from 7-dehydrocholesterol activated by UVB

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14
Q

what are the plant sources of vitamin a (b-carotene)

A

carrots, yellow fruits, green leafy veggies

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15
Q

what are the sources of ergocalciferol (D2)

A

fungus

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16
Q

what are the sources of vitamin e

A

vegetable oils

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16
Q

what are the sources of phylloquinone (K1)

A

green leafy vegetables

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16
Q

what are the sources of menadione (K3)

A

synthetic, water soluble form in dietary supplements

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17
Q

what are the sources of menaquinone (K2)

A

bacterial flora synthesis

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18
Q

what are the sources of thiamine

A

starchy food: flour, rice, yeast; some animal products

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19
Q

what are the sources of riboflavin

A

milk and eggs; some plant products

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20
Q

what are the sources of niacin

A

livers, animal products, unrefined and enriched grains

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21
what are the sources of pantothenic acid
eggs, liver, yeast, some plant products, bacterial flora
22
what are the sources of pyridoxine
animal products, starchy veggies
23
what are the sources of biotin
animal products, nuts
24
what are the sources of folic acid
green leafy vegetables, legumes
25
what are the sources of cobalamin
animal products only
26
what are the sources of ascorbic acid
citrus, some animal products
27
where are folic acid and cobalamin stored
liver
28
other name for vitamin a
retinol
29
refers to provitamins of vitamin a present in plants
carotenoids
30
11-cis retinal, for normal vision
retinal
31
retinoid for normal morphogenesis, growth, and cell differentiation
retinoic acid
32
retinoid for reproduction of cells, absorbed by intestinal cells
retinol
33
storage form of vitamin A in liver
retinyl ester
34
most prevalent carotenoid in the food supply that has provitamin A activity
b-carotene
35
type of carotenoid for protection against macular degeneration
lutein
36
type of carotenoid for protection against prostate cancer
lycopene
37
list the functions of vitamin A
1. maintenance of vision 2. normal reproduction 3. maintenance of skin and mucosa 4. antioxidant properties
38
most light-sensitive pigment in rods; formed by covalent association between cis-retinal and opsin
rhodopsin
39
b-carotene replenishes what vitamin in the blood
vit e
40
most common vitamin deficiency in worldwide
vitamin a
41
most common cause of preventable blindness worldwide
vitamin a deficiency
42
what is the collective term for all ocular manifestations of vitamin a deficiency
xeropthalmia
43
earliest sign of vitamin a deficiency
loss of sensitivity to green light
44
earliest symptom of vitamin a deficiency
night blindness (nyctalopia)
45
the dryness of the conjunctiva
xerosis
46
white patches of keratinized epithelium appearing on the sclera
bitot spots
47
this is the softening of cornea
keratomalacia
48
can cause blindness thru corneal scarring
corneal ulceration
49
used to treat cutaneous porphyria
b-carotene
50
used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia
all-trans-retinoic acid
51
used to treat acne and childhood neuroblastoma
13-cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin)
52
in which population does vitamin a toxicity most commonly occur
artic explorers who eat polar bear liver
53
manifestations of acute vitamin a toxicity
pseudotumor cerebri: headache, vomiting, blurred vision, stupor
54
chronic toxicity of vitamin a
increased risk for hip fracture, teratogenic in pregnancy
55
vitamin: group of sterol with hormone-like function
vitamin d
56
most biologically active form of vitamin d
calcitriol
57
normal range for circulating 25-OHcholecalciferol
20-100mL
58
true or false: less than 20 ng/mL of vitamin d is associated with increased incidence of colon, breast, and prostate cancer
true
59
functions of vitamin d
1. calcium and phosphorus homeostasis 2. prevents mycobacterium tuberculosis 3. mineralization of bones
60
vit. d deficiency in children: before closure of epiphysis
rickets
61
vit. d deficiency in adults: after closure of epiphysis
osteomalacia
62
vitamin d toxicity
increased Calcium, hypertension, metastatic calcification of soft tissues
63
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: axonal degeneration -> muscle weakness
vitamin e deficiency
64
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: nerve and muscle damage
vitamin e deficiency
65
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: acanthocytosis of RBCs -> hemolytic anemia
vitamin e deficiency
66
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: reduces platelet aggregation coz interferes with effects of vitamin k
vitamin e toxicity
67
Collective name for all stereoisomers of tocopherols & tocotrienols
Vitamin e
68
Most powerful naturally occurring antioxidant: serves as a chain-breaking antioxidant ◦Efficient radical scavenger -> protects LDL & PUFAs in membranes from oxidation
Vitamin e
69
Most potent form of vitamin E
A-tocopherol
70
Identify vitamin: Functions: Does not have a precisely defined metabolic function Major lipid-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes Maintains fluidity of cell membranes Poorly define role in cell signaling
Vitamin e
71
Identify vitamin: Functions: Does not have a precisely defined metabolic function Major lipid-soluble antioxidant of cell membranes Maintains fluidity of cell membranes Poorly define role in cell signaling
Vitamin e
72
least toxic fat-soluble vitamin
vitamin e
73
it is a naphthoquinone derivative with long isoprenoid side chain
vitamin k
74
vitamin for coagulation
vitamin k (factors 1972; protein c and s)
75
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: bleeding diathesis (increased tendency to bleed) - but rare in adults
vitamin k deficiency
76
identify what vitamin and if deficiency or toxicity: hemolysis -> hyperbilirubinemia -> kernicterus (CNS damage)
vitamin k toxicity

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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