Lipid & Nucleic Acid Flashcards
1
Q
type of fatty acid transported via chylomicrons -> lymphatic system
A
LCFA
1
Q
type of fatty acids that are bent
A
unsaturated-cis
2
Q
predominant FA in coconut oil
12:0
A
lauric acid
3
Q
end product of mammalian FA synthesis
16:0
A
palmitic acid
4
Q
predominant in olive oil
18:1 (9)
A
oleic acid
5
Q
both essential fatty acids (not produced in the body)
18:2 (9,12)
18:3 (9,12,15)
A
linoleic acid
a-linoleic acid
5
Q
semi-essential FA; precursor of eicosanoids
20:4 (5,8,11,14)
A
arachidonic acids
6
Q
arachidonic acid can be derived from…
A
linoleic acid
7
Q
true or false: essential FA can lower risk of cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease
A
true
8
Q
FA + glyecerol (alcohol)
A
simple lipids
9
Q
fats vs oil
A
fat = solid at room temp; saturated
oil = liquid at room temp; unsaturated
10
Q
main storage form of lipids in body
A
triglyceride
11
Q
where are TAGs stored?
A
adipose tissue
12
Q
aka neutral fats
A
Triglyceride
12
Q
formed by linking FA with ester linkage to 3 alcohol groups in glycerol
A
triglyceride
13
Q
14:0 FA
A
myristic acid
14
Q
16:1 (9)
A
palmitoleic acid
15
Q
18:0
A
stearic acid
16
Q
18:1(9) -OH
A
ricinoleic acid
17
Q
polyunsaturated fat found in flax and hemp; also in soybean oil, sardines, salmon, mackerel, fishes; beans, eggs, strawberries, broccoli
A
omega-3
18
Q
polyunsaturated fat found in poultry, nuts, cereals, wheat, whole-grain breads, vegetable oils
A
omega-6
19
Q
fats in processed food for long shelf life
A
trans fats
20
Q
from olive oil, sunflower oil, nut-based oil, beef fat, popcorn, oatmeal, avocado
A
monounsaturated fat
21
Q
animal fats and products, chocolate, tropical oils
A
saturated fats
22
omega 3 or 6: a-linoleic acid (ALA)
omega-3
23
omega 3 or 6: arachidonic acid
omega-6
24
omega 3 or 6: docosahexanoic acid
omega-3
25
omega 3 or 6: docosapentanoic acid
omega06
26
true or false: unsaturated-trans and saturated fatty acids are straight chain
true
27
what is the primary functional group of FA
carboxylic acid
28
margarine is created by converting oils into solid through the process of... (explain how)
hydrogenation
(unsaturated + H2 = saturated)
(cis -> trans)
29
the process of converting lipids to soap through hydrolysis
saponification
30
FA + glycerol/sphingosine + additional group (phosphoric acid/carbs/protein)
complex lipid
31
true or false: most lipids have at least one FA chain that is SATURATED
false: unsaturated
32
list the structure of glycerophospholipid
1. glycerol backbone
2. 2 fatty acid chains at first 2 carbons - hydrophobic
3. phosphate group on 3rd carbon - hydrophilic
4. head group / additional group - can be serine, choline, ethanolamine
33
glycerophospholipid for membrane fluidity; most common
phosphatidylcholine (PC)
34
glycerophospholipid in cell membranes for membrane curvature and flexibility
phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
35
glycerophospholipid for cell signaling and apoptosis
phosphatidylserine (PS)
36
glycerophospholipid for cell signaling and precursor to signaling molecules
phosphatidylinositol (PI)
37
component of myelin that covers nerve axon
sphingolipid
38
list the structure of sphingolipid
1. sphingosine background
2. fatty acid tail (thru amide bond forming the structure ceramide)
3. polar head - can vary
39
what is the core of most sphingolipid
ceramide
40
backbone of triglycerides
aka glycerine
glycerol
41
most common sphingolipid, abundant in animal cell membrane
phosphate head similar to phospholipids
abundant in nerve cells
sphingomyelin
42
sphingolipids with one or more sugars attached to its backbone
glycosphingolipid
43
type of glycosphingolipid with one sugar (glucose or galactose)
cerebrosides
44
type of glycosphingolipid with two or more sugar
for cell recognition and signaling esp in nervous system
gangliosides
45
type of glycosphingolipid commonly found in brain
cerebrosides
46
complex lipids containing carbohydrates and ceramides
glycolipid
47
list the structure of glycolipids
1. lipid backbone
2. fatty acid chain
3. carbohydrate group
48
lipid disease: mental retardation, blindness, muscle weakness
tay-sachs disease
48
part of glycolipid that anchors it to cell membrane
fatty acid chain
49
the hydrophilic part of glycolipid
carbohydrate group
50
enzyme deficiency for tay-sachs disease
hexosaminidase a
51
lipid disease: skin rash, kidney failure; x-linked recessive
fabry's disease
52
lipid disease: mental retardation and psychologic disturbances in adults;
demyelination
metachromatic leukodystrophy
53
lipid disease: mental retardation; myelin almost absent
krabbe's disease
54
lipid disease: enlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones, mental retardation in infants
gaucher's disease
55
lipid disease: enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life
neimann-pick disease
56
hoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life
farber's disease
57
enzyme deficient in metachromatic leukodystrophy
arylsulfatase a
58
enzyme deficient in fabry's disease
a-galactosidase
59
enzyme deficient in krabbe's disease
b-galactosidase
60
enzyme deficient in gaucher's disease
b-glucosidase
61
enzyme deficient in neimann-pick disease
sphingomyelinase
62
enzyme deficient in farber's disease
ceramidase
63
most abundant steroid in the body
cholesterol
64
raw material for synthesis of steroid-based hormones
cholesterol
65
how many carbon in cholesterol
27
66
structure of cholesterol
branched 8 carbon on carbon 17 in ring D
hydroxyl group in carbon 3 or ring A
double bond between carbon 5 and 6 in ring B
67
these are carriers of cholesterol and fat that contains a hydrophobic lipid core and hydrophilic shell
lipoprotein
68
good cholesterol; carries excess cholesterol from tissues
HDL
69
bad cholesterol
LDL
70
carry triglycerides from liver
VLDL
71
carry dietary lipids from intestine
chylomicrons
72
list the derivatives of cholesterol
1. bile acids
2. adrenal hormones
3. sex hormones
4. vitamin d
73
enzyme for adrenal hormone to pregnenolone
cholesterol desmolase
74
pregnenolone + 3-b-hydroxysteroid DH ->
progesterone
75
progesterone + 17-a-hydroxylase ->
17-a-hydroxyprogesterone (immediate precursor)
76
progesterone + 21-a-hydroxylase ->
11-deoxycorticosterone
77
11-deoxycorticosterone + 11-b-hydroxylase ->
corticosterone
78
17-a-hydroxyprogesterone + 21-a-hydroxylase ->
11-deoxycortisol
79
17-a-hydroxyprogesterone ->
androstenedione
80
11-deoxycortisol ->
cortisol
81
corticosterone ->
aldosterone
82
androstenedione ->
testosterone
83
enzyme for androstenedione -> estradiol
aromatase
84
primary mineralocorticoid
aldosterone
85
primary glucocorticoid
cortisol
86
enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidney tubules (DCT)
aldosterone
87
controls tissue swelling/body fluids
aldosterone
88
effect of cortisol
increase glucose and glycogen concentration
anti-inflammatory
89
enzyme for bile acid synthesis
7a-hydroxylase
90
RLE of bile acid synthesis
cholesterol -> 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol
91
bile acids synthesized by liver;
give examples
primary bile acids
e.g.; cholic acid; chenodeoxycholic acid
92
bile acids resulting from bacterial degradation in colon;
give examples
secondary bile acids
e.g.; deoxycholic acid; litocholic acid
93
bile released by gallbladder
bile salts
conjugated to taurine and glycine
94
precursor of prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane
arachidonic acid
95
enzyme catalyst for formation of prostaglandin
cyclooxygenase
96
enzyme that catalyzes normal prostaglandin formation
cox-1
97
enzyme that catalyzes prostaglandin formation in response to inflammation
cox-2
98
arachidonic acid derivative that induces platelet aggregation
thromboxane
99
type of thromboxane for vasoconstriction and irreversible platelet aggregation
txa2
100
inactive metabolite/product of txa2
txb2
101
arachidonic acid derivative produced in WBC
leukotrienes
102
arachidonic acid derivative that can induce smooth muscle contraction; asthma-like attacks; causes inflammation and fever
leukotrienes
103
true or false: reading of nucleic acid sequence is from 3' to 5'
false: 5' to 3'
104
bond between nitrogenous bases in DNA
hydrogen
105
bond between nitrogenous base and pentose sugar in DNA
N-glycosidic bond
106
bond between pentose sugar and phosphate group in DNA
ester bond
107
bond between phosphate groups in DNA
anhydride bond
108
bond linking the nucleotides in nucleic acids
phosphodiester bond
109
rule that states: no. of purines = no. of pyrimidines
chargaff's rules
110
true or false: chargaff's rule does not apply in RNA
true
111
he clarified that DNA carried hereditary info
Oswald Avery
112
first level of organization of DNA
double helix DNA
113
level of DNA organization: nucleosome separated by linker DNA
10nm chromatin fibril
114
level of DNA organization: DNA is wrapped 1.75 times over a histone octamer in left-handed helix
10nm chromatin fibril
115
level of DNA organization: beads-on-a-string
10nm chromatin fibril
116
level of DNA organization: group of nucleosome
30nm chromatin fibril
117
level of DNA organization: promotes packing of DNA into compact structures
supercoiled structure
118
level of DNA organization: condensation of DNA occuring during prophase of mitosis
chromosome
119
how many chromosomes are in total
46 chromosomes, 23 pairs
120
chromosome 1-22
autosome
121
how many histones per nucleosome
8
122
how many nucleosome to form chromatin fiber
6
123
RNA in eukaryotic nucleus
small nuclear RNA (smRNA)
124
RNA complexed with protein to form snRPS to help processing initial mRNA into mature mRNA
small nuclear RNA (smRNA)
125
Coding DNA or RNA sequences that are joined together to form coding sequences that produce proteins.
expressed sequences
exons
126
Non-coding DNA or RNA sequences that are removed during RNA splicing.
intervening sequences
introns
127
process where noncoding parts are removed in mRNA
splicing
128
RNA important in timing development of an organism
micro RNA (miRNA)
129
RNA that plays a role in cancer, stress response, and viral infections
micro RNA (miRNA)
130
RNA that inhibits translation and promotes mRNA degradation
micro RNA (miRNA)
130
RNA that serves as protection for many gene expressions
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
130
RNA that inhibits expression of undesirable genes
small interfering RNA (siRNA)
131
most heterogenous RNA
mRNA
132
most abundant RNA (80%)
rRNA
133
RNA responsible for translation (formation of proteins)
rRNA
134
RNA which transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome
tRNA
135
RNA that contains significant portions of nucleosides with unusual bases: dihydrouridine, pseudouridine, inosine, ribothymidine
tRNA
136
variant of genes
allele
137
histology correlation: less condensed, transcriptionally active, stains less densely
euchromatin
138
histology correlation: highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive, stains densely
heterochromatin
139
start codon and its amino acid
AUG; methionine
140
stop codons
UAA, UAG, UGA
141
how many H bonds between G and C
3
142
how many H bonds between A and T
2
