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Biochemistry > Lipid & Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Lipid & Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

type of fatty acid transported via chylomicrons -> lymphatic system

A

LCFA

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1
Q

type of fatty acids that are bent

A

unsaturated-cis

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2
Q

predominant FA in coconut oil
12:0

A

lauric acid

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3
Q

end product of mammalian FA synthesis
16:0

A

palmitic acid

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4
Q

predominant in olive oil
18:1 (9)

A

oleic acid

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5
Q

both essential fatty acids (not produced in the body)
18:2 (9,12)
18:3 (9,12,15)

A

linoleic acid
a-linoleic acid

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5
Q

semi-essential FA; precursor of eicosanoids
20:4 (5,8,11,14)

A

arachidonic acids

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6
Q

arachidonic acid can be derived from…

A

linoleic acid

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7
Q

true or false: essential FA can lower risk of cardiovascular disease and fatty liver disease

A

true

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8
Q

FA + glyecerol (alcohol)

A

simple lipids

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9
Q

fats vs oil

A

fat = solid at room temp; saturated
oil = liquid at room temp; unsaturated

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10
Q

main storage form of lipids in body

A

triglyceride

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11
Q

where are TAGs stored?

A

adipose tissue

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12
Q

aka neutral fats

A

Triglyceride

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12
Q

formed by linking FA with ester linkage to 3 alcohol groups in glycerol

A

triglyceride

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13
Q

14:0 FA

A

myristic acid

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14
Q

16:1 (9)

A

palmitoleic acid

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15
Q

18:0

A

stearic acid

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16
Q

18:1(9) -OH

A

ricinoleic acid

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17
Q

polyunsaturated fat found in flax and hemp; also in soybean oil, sardines, salmon, mackerel, fishes; beans, eggs, strawberries, broccoli

A

omega-3

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18
Q

polyunsaturated fat found in poultry, nuts, cereals, wheat, whole-grain breads, vegetable oils

A

omega-6

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19
Q

fats in processed food for long shelf life

A

trans fats

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20
Q

from olive oil, sunflower oil, nut-based oil, beef fat, popcorn, oatmeal, avocado

A

monounsaturated fat

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21
Q

animal fats and products, chocolate, tropical oils

A

saturated fats

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22
Q

omega 3 or 6: a-linoleic acid (ALA)

A

omega-3

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23
Q

omega 3 or 6: arachidonic acid

A

omega-6

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24
Q

omega 3 or 6: docosahexanoic acid

A

omega-3

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25
Q

omega 3 or 6: docosapentanoic acid

A

omega06

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26
Q

true or false: unsaturated-trans and saturated fatty acids are straight chain

A

true

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27
Q

what is the primary functional group of FA

A

carboxylic acid

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28
Q

margarine is created by converting oils into solid through the process of… (explain how)

A

hydrogenation
(unsaturated + H2 = saturated)
(cis -> trans)

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29
Q

the process of converting lipids to soap through hydrolysis

A

saponification

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30
Q

FA + glycerol/sphingosine + additional group (phosphoric acid/carbs/protein)

A

complex lipid

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31
Q

true or false: most lipids have at least one FA chain that is SATURATED

A

false: unsaturated

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32
Q

list the structure of glycerophospholipid

A
  1. glycerol backbone
  2. 2 fatty acid chains at first 2 carbons - hydrophobic
  3. phosphate group on 3rd carbon - hydrophilic
  4. head group / additional group - can be serine, choline, ethanolamine
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33
Q

glycerophospholipid for membrane fluidity; most common

A

phosphatidylcholine (PC)

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34
Q

glycerophospholipid in cell membranes for membrane curvature and flexibility

A

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)

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35
Q

glycerophospholipid for cell signaling and apoptosis

A

phosphatidylserine (PS)

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36
Q

glycerophospholipid for cell signaling and precursor to signaling molecules

A

phosphatidylinositol (PI)

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37
Q

component of myelin that covers nerve axon

A

sphingolipid

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38
Q

list the structure of sphingolipid

A
  1. sphingosine background
  2. fatty acid tail (thru amide bond forming the structure ceramide)
  3. polar head - can vary
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39
Q

what is the core of most sphingolipid

A

ceramide

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40
Q

backbone of triglycerides
aka glycerine

A

glycerol

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41
Q

most common sphingolipid, abundant in animal cell membrane
phosphate head similar to phospholipids
abundant in nerve cells

A

sphingomyelin

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42
Q

sphingolipids with one or more sugars attached to its backbone

A

glycosphingolipid

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43
Q

type of glycosphingolipid with one sugar (glucose or galactose)

A

cerebrosides

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44
Q

type of glycosphingolipid with two or more sugar
for cell recognition and signaling esp in nervous system

A

gangliosides

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45
Q

type of glycosphingolipid commonly found in brain

A

cerebrosides

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46
Q

complex lipids containing carbohydrates and ceramides

A

glycolipid

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47
Q

list the structure of glycolipids

A
  1. lipid backbone
  2. fatty acid chain
  3. carbohydrate group
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48
Q

lipid disease: mental retardation, blindness, muscle weakness

A

tay-sachs disease

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48
Q

part of glycolipid that anchors it to cell membrane

A

fatty acid chain

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49
Q

the hydrophilic part of glycolipid

A

carbohydrate group

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50
Q

enzyme deficiency for tay-sachs disease

A

hexosaminidase a

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51
Q

lipid disease: skin rash, kidney failure; x-linked recessive

A

fabry’s disease

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52
Q

lipid disease: mental retardation and psychologic disturbances in adults;
demyelination

A

metachromatic leukodystrophy

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53
Q

lipid disease: mental retardation; myelin almost absent

A

krabbe’s disease

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54
Q

lipid disease: enlarged liver and spleen, erosion of long bones, mental retardation in infants

A

gaucher’s disease

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55
Q

lipid disease: enlarged liver and spleen, mental retardation; fatal in early life

A

neimann-pick disease

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56
Q

hoarseness, dermatitis, skeletal deformation, mental retardation; fatal in early life

A

farber’s disease

57
Q

enzyme deficient in metachromatic leukodystrophy

A

arylsulfatase a

58
Q

enzyme deficient in fabry’s disease

A

a-galactosidase

59
Q

enzyme deficient in krabbe’s disease

A

b-galactosidase

60
Q

enzyme deficient in gaucher’s disease

A

b-glucosidase

61
Q

enzyme deficient in neimann-pick disease

A

sphingomyelinase

62
Q

enzyme deficient in farber’s disease

A

ceramidase

63
Q

most abundant steroid in the body

A

cholesterol

64
Q

raw material for synthesis of steroid-based hormones

A

cholesterol

65
Q

how many carbon in cholesterol

A

27

66
Q

structure of cholesterol

A

branched 8 carbon on carbon 17 in ring D
hydroxyl group in carbon 3 or ring A
double bond between carbon 5 and 6 in ring B

67
Q

these are carriers of cholesterol and fat that contains a hydrophobic lipid core and hydrophilic shell

A

lipoprotein

68
Q

good cholesterol; carries excess cholesterol from tissues

A

HDL

69
Q

bad cholesterol

A

LDL

70
Q

carry triglycerides from liver

A

VLDL

71
Q

carry dietary lipids from intestine

A

chylomicrons

72
Q

list the derivatives of cholesterol

A
  1. bile acids
  2. adrenal hormones
  3. sex hormones
  4. vitamin d
73
Q

enzyme for adrenal hormone to pregnenolone

A

cholesterol desmolase

74
Q

pregnenolone + 3-b-hydroxysteroid DH ->

A

progesterone

75
Q

progesterone + 17-a-hydroxylase ->

A

17-a-hydroxyprogesterone (immediate precursor)

76
Q

progesterone + 21-a-hydroxylase ->

A

11-deoxycorticosterone

77
Q

11-deoxycorticosterone + 11-b-hydroxylase ->

A

corticosterone

78
Q

17-a-hydroxyprogesterone + 21-a-hydroxylase ->

A

11-deoxycortisol

79
Q

17-a-hydroxyprogesterone ->

A

androstenedione

80
Q

11-deoxycortisol ->

A

cortisol

81
Q

corticosterone ->

A

aldosterone

82
Q

androstenedione ->

A

testosterone

83
Q

enzyme for androstenedione -> estradiol

A

aromatase

84
Q

primary mineralocorticoid

A

aldosterone

85
Q

primary glucocorticoid

A

cortisol

86
Q

enhances reabsorption of Na and Cl in kidney tubules (DCT)

A

aldosterone

87
Q

controls tissue swelling/body fluids

A

aldosterone

88
Q

effect of cortisol

A

increase glucose and glycogen concentration
anti-inflammatory

89
Q

enzyme for bile acid synthesis

A

7a-hydroxylase

90
Q

RLE of bile acid synthesis

A

cholesterol -> 7a-hydroxy-cholesterol

91
Q

bile acids synthesized by liver;
give examples

A

primary bile acids
e.g.; cholic acid; chenodeoxycholic acid

92
Q

bile acids resulting from bacterial degradation in colon;
give examples

A

secondary bile acids
e.g.; deoxycholic acid; litocholic acid

93
Q

bile released by gallbladder

A

bile salts
conjugated to taurine and glycine

94
Q

precursor of prostaglandin, leukotriene, and thromboxane

A

arachidonic acid

95
Q

enzyme catalyst for formation of prostaglandin

A

cyclooxygenase

96
Q

enzyme that catalyzes normal prostaglandin formation

A

cox-1

97
Q

enzyme that catalyzes prostaglandin formation in response to inflammation

A

cox-2

98
Q

arachidonic acid derivative that induces platelet aggregation

A

thromboxane

99
Q

type of thromboxane for vasoconstriction and irreversible platelet aggregation

A

txa2

100
Q

inactive metabolite/product of txa2

A

txb2

101
Q

arachidonic acid derivative produced in WBC

A

leukotrienes

102
Q

arachidonic acid derivative that can induce smooth muscle contraction; asthma-like attacks; causes inflammation and fever

A

leukotrienes

103
Q

true or false: reading of nucleic acid sequence is from 3’ to 5’

A

false: 5’ to 3’

104
Q

bond between nitrogenous bases in DNA

A

hydrogen

105
Q

bond between nitrogenous base and pentose sugar in DNA

A

N-glycosidic bond

106
Q

bond between pentose sugar and phosphate group in DNA

A

ester bond

107
Q

bond between phosphate groups in DNA

A

anhydride bond

108
Q

bond linking the nucleotides in nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester bond

109
Q

rule that states: no. of purines = no. of pyrimidines

A

chargaff’s rules

110
Q

true or false: chargaff’s rule does not apply in RNA

A

true

111
Q

he clarified that DNA carried hereditary info

A

Oswald Avery

112
Q

first level of organization of DNA

A

double helix DNA

113
Q

level of DNA organization: nucleosome separated by linker DNA

A

10nm chromatin fibril

114
Q

level of DNA organization: DNA is wrapped 1.75 times over a histone octamer in left-handed helix

A

10nm chromatin fibril

115
Q

level of DNA organization: beads-on-a-string

A

10nm chromatin fibril

116
Q

level of DNA organization: group of nucleosome

A

30nm chromatin fibril

117
Q

level of DNA organization: promotes packing of DNA into compact structures

A

supercoiled structure

118
Q

level of DNA organization: condensation of DNA occuring during prophase of mitosis

A

chromosome

119
Q

how many chromosomes are in total

A

46 chromosomes, 23 pairs

120
Q

chromosome 1-22

A

autosome

121
Q

how many histones per nucleosome

A

8

122
Q

how many nucleosome to form chromatin fiber

A

6

123
Q

RNA in eukaryotic nucleus

A

small nuclear RNA (smRNA)

124
Q

RNA complexed with protein to form snRPS to help processing initial mRNA into mature mRNA

A

small nuclear RNA (smRNA)

125
Q

Coding DNA or RNA sequences that are joined together to form coding sequences that produce proteins.
expressed sequences

A

exons

126
Q

Non-coding DNA or RNA sequences that are removed during RNA splicing.
intervening sequences

A

introns

127
Q

process where noncoding parts are removed in mRNA

A

splicing

128
Q

RNA important in timing development of an organism

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

129
Q

RNA that plays a role in cancer, stress response, and viral infections

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

130
Q

RNA that inhibits translation and promotes mRNA degradation

A

micro RNA (miRNA)

130
Q

RNA that serves as protection for many gene expressions

A

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

130
Q

RNA that inhibits expression of undesirable genes

A

small interfering RNA (siRNA)

131
Q

most heterogenous RNA

A

mRNA

132
Q

most abundant RNA (80%)

A

rRNA

133
Q

RNA responsible for translation (formation of proteins)

A

rRNA

134
Q

RNA which transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome

A

tRNA

135
Q

RNA that contains significant portions of nucleosides with unusual bases: dihydrouridine, pseudouridine, inosine, ribothymidine

A

tRNA

136
Q

variant of genes

A

allele

137
Q

histology correlation: less condensed, transcriptionally active, stains less densely

A

euchromatin

138
Q

histology correlation: highly condensed, transcriptionally inactive, stains densely

A

heterochromatin

139
Q

start codon and its amino acid

A

AUG; methionine

140
Q

stop codons

A

UAA, UAG, UGA

141
Q

how many H bonds between G and C

A

3

142
Q

how many H bonds between A and T

A

2

Biochemistry (3 decks)

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