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Biochemistry Finals > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

It defined as any organic compound that a living organism requires, but which it is not capable of producing itself, or cannot produce in the amounts required by the body.

A

Vitamin

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2
Q

________________ play a vital role in many biochemical functions in the human body and are essential components for maintaining optimal health.

A

Vitamins

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3
Q

These are two main groups of vitamins:

A

fat-soluble and water-soluble

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4
Q

These are the groups of vitamins that are easily stored in fat upon absorption.

A

fat-soluble vitamins

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5
Q

These are the groups of vitamins that get washed out and are not easily stored.

A

water-soluble vitamins

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6
Q

It is defined as a vitamin when it is required by an organism, but not synthesized by that organism in the required amounts (or at all)

A

Organic compound

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7
Q

Important for eyesight. It also strengthens immune system and keeps skin and linings of parts of the body healthy

A

Vitamin A (Retinol)

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8
Q

The active form of Vitamin A in mammalian tissues

A

Retinol

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9
Q

They are used to keep nerves & muscle tissue healthy. It is also important for processing of carbohydrates and some proteins.

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamin)

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10
Q

It is the form of Vitamin B1 that can also occur in pyrophosphate ester form.

A

Thiamin

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11
Q

It is important for body growth, red blood cell production, and keeping the eyes healthy. It also helps processing of carbohydrates.

A

Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

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12
Q

It is the form of Vitamin B2 wherein the excess turns urine bright yellow

A

Riboflavin

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13
Q

It helps with digestion and digestive system health. It also helps with the processing of carbohydrates.

A

Vitamin B3 (Nicotinic Acid and Nicotineamide)

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14
Q

Niacin is the collective name for these compounds, which are forms of Vitamin B3.

A

Nicotinic Acid and Nicotineamide

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15
Q

What is the collective name for Nicotinic Acid and Nicotineamide?

A

Niacin

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16
Q

It is important for manufacturing red blood cells and maintaining a healthy digestive system. It also helps process carbohydrates.

A

Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

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17
Q

It is the form of Vitamin B5 that also occurs in pyrophosphate ester form.

A

Pantothenic Acid

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18
Q

It helps make some brain chemicals; needed for normal brain function. It also helps make red blood cells and immune system cells.

A

Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxal Phosphate)

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19
Q

It is the active form of Vitamin B6 in mammalian tissues.

A

Pyridoxal Phosphate

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20
Q

It is needed for metabolism of various compounds; often recommended for strengthening hair, but evidence is variable

A

Vitamin B7 (Biotin)

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21
Q

It is the form of Vitamin B7 that is produced by intestinal bacteria

A

Biotin

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22
Q

It is important for brain function & mental health; acids production of DNA & RNA. It is important when tissues are growing quickly

A

Vitamin B9 (Folic Acid)

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23
Q

A form of Vitamin B9 that is found as tetrahydrofolate in food

A

Folic Acid

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24
Q

It is important for the nervous system, for making red blood cells, and helps in the production of DNA and RNA

A

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

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25
Q

It is the form of Vitamin B12 that usually contains CN as the R group

A

Cobalamin

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26
Q

Its is important for a healthy immune system; help produce collagen, used to make skin and other tissues; also helps wound healing

A

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

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27
Q

A form of Vitamin C wherein its deficiency can cause scurvy

A

Ascorbic Acid

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28
Q

All K vitamins are ____________ or derivatives

A

Menadione

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29
Q

It helps blood clot properly & plays a key role in bone health. Newborns receive these injections to prevent bleeding

A

Vitamin K (Menadione)

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30
Q

Vitamin D that is natural form; different form used in supplements

A

Cholecalciferol

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31
Q

It is important for bone health and maintaining the immune system function. It may also have a preventative role in cancers

A

Vitamin D

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32
Q

The word vitamin is a combination of Latin words “____” and “____” which means ____ and _____respectively.

A

“vita” and “amine”
life and nitrogen

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33
Q

They act as a catalyst in the generation of energy by utilizing carbohydrates and fats properly.

A

Vitamins

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34
Q

True or False: Humans can live without vitamins because the human body can produce it on its own

A

FALSE : Humans CANNOT live without vitamins and the human body cannot produce it on its own

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35
Q

Two types of vitamins

A

Fat-soluble – which are dissolved in fat

Water-soluble – which are dissolved in water

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36
Q

what are the 13 recognised vitamins:

A
  1. Vitamin A
  2. Vitamin B1
  3. Vitamin B2
  4. Vitamin B3
  5. Vitamin B5
  6. Vitamin B6
  7. Vitamin B7
  8. Vitamin B9
  9. Vitamin B12
  10. Vitamin C
  11. Vitamin D
  12. Vitamin E
  13. Vitamin K
37
Q

They can be stored by our bodies in the liver or in fatty tissues. They are stored until they’re required, which consequently means they generally don’t need to be ingested as frequently.

A

fat soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and K)

38
Q

Vitamins that play integral roles in a multitude of physiological processes such as vision, bone health, immune function, and coagulation.

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

39
Q

It is present in certain foods such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel. Smaller quantities are present in beef liver, cheese, and egg yolks.

A

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol)

40
Q

It is synthesized in the skin after exposure to sunlight, hence its nickname the “sunshine vitamin.”

A

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

41
Q

These are not stored in the body. As such, they must be a regular part of the diet in order to avoid deficiency.

A

Water soluble vitamins (Vitamin C and B complex)

42
Q

They are damaged oxygen molecules with an extremely unstable atomic structure.

A

Free radicals

43
Q

True or False: Free radicals do not attack fats and proteins all over the body, especially those in membranes that line the blood vessels, the skin and other connective tissue.

A

FALSE : They ATTACK

44
Q

Anything we do to raise our metabolic rate (like exercise) _________ the production of free radicals.

A

accelerates

45
Q

The earth is composed of mineral elements, either alone or in a myriad of combinations called compounds. A _____ is composed of a single element or compound.

A

mineral

46
Q

________ is a naturally occurring inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure (ordered atomic structure).

A

Mineral

47
Q

The word “mineral” comes from the Latin word “______,” which means “_________.”

A

mineralis ; something mined

48
Q

The Latin term “_____” referred to ______, and “_____” was used to describe anything that was ________, including precious metals, rocks, and other materials.

A

minera ; a mine
mineralis ; found in a mine

49
Q

Characteristics of Minerals

A
  1. Naturally occurring
  2. Inorganic
  3. Solid
  4. Specific chemical composition
  5. Crystalline internal structure
50
Q

The classification of minerals is based on three main criteria:

A

chemical composition
physical properties
crystalline/crystal structure

50
Q

These are the two vitamins that are exceptions when it comes to the vitamins that the human body can produce on its own.

A

Vitamin D and Vitamin B3

51
Q

These vitamins are water-soluble

A
  • B1
  • B2
  • B3
  • B5
  • B7
  • B9
  • B12
  • C
51
Q

The slightly odd gap in lettering between E and K is a consequence of changes in designations of vitamins, for example, vitamin B7, biotin, was previously referred to as _____________.

A

vitamin H

51
Q

The compounds originally designated as vitamins ______________ were either redesignated, or subsequent research led to them no longer being classified as vitamins.

A

Vitamins F to J

52
Q

To measure hardness, the mineral is scratched against another substance of known hardness. Measurements are made on the _________.

A

Mohs Scale.

53
Q

This is a term used when a mineral breaks but not in a flat or even way.
_____ can be uneven, fibrous, or conchoidal

A

Fracture

54
Q

The composition of this minerals is silicon, oxygen, and various other elements including iron, magnesium, and aluminum. This mineral category includes quartz, olivine, mica, and feldspar minerals.

A

Silicates

55
Q

this minerals are composed of carbon, oxygen, and various other elements including magnesium and calcium.

A

Carbonates

56
Q

This minerals have a halogen (bromine, iodine, chlorine, or
fluorine) as the main anion.

A

Halides

57
Q

Minerals are vital components of our food. They fulfil a wide variety of
functions, such as:

A

building materials for our bones

influencing muscle and nerve function

regulating the body’s water balance

They are also components of hormones and enzymes and other
biologically active compounds

Some minerals also have an important role to play in the optimal
functioning of the immune system.

58
Q

Vitamin D is found primarily in these two forms:

A

D2 and D3

59
Q

Many countries fortify natural milk with
vitamin D. This is a practice implemented to decrease the prevalence of ________ and _____________.

A

rickets and osteomalacia.

60
Q

Although adequate intake of all vitamins is important, regular intake of water-soluble vitamins is required to avoid _______________ due to the transient nature of water-soluble vitamins.

A

deficiency

61
Q

_______________________________ help fight these free radicals.

A

Anti-oxidants like vitamin A and E

62
Q

Toxins like pollution and cigarette smoke can cause ____________________, while foods rich in antioxidants can help reduce it.

A

oxidative stress

63
Q

The use of the term “mineral” in its current geological sense dates back to the _____________ when German mineralogist Georgius Agricola used it to describe substances found in the earth that were distinct from plant or animal matter.

A

16th century

64
Q

A characteristic of mineral wherein it must be formed by natural geological processes. These might include metamorphism, the cooling of lava or magma, or precipitation from solutions. Minerals are never man-made.

A

Naturally occurring

65
Q

Minerals are ______________. They do not come from biological processes or living organisms. Organic compounds like lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins are not minerals.

A

inorganic

66
Q

Under normal temperatures and pressures, minerals exist as __________ on the Earth’s surface. Amorphous substances, liquids, and gases are not minerals.

A

solid

67
Q

To be classified as a mineral, there must be a characteristic __________________ that is expressed in the form of a chemical formula.

A

chemical composition

68
Q

Minerals have a unique arrangement of molecules, ions, or atoms, typically in a repeating pattern. This pattern forms a ________________. The crystal structure of minerals affects certain physical properties of minerals including specific gravity, cleavage, and hardness. This characteristic of mineral is also known as ___________________.

A

crystal lattice, Crystalline internal structure

69
Q

The crystal structure of a mineral is the __________________, regular, or ordered arrangement of chemical units and anionic groups.

A

three-dimensional

70
Q

A limited number of different crystal shapes have been found in nature. Currently, there are only___ crystal systems. All natural crystals can be placed in one of these crystalline structure systems.

A

7

71
Q

(Physical Properties) In general, most minerals have a distinctive ___________ when viewed in visible light. Some minerals are variable in __________, however, the powdered form is always the same.

A

color

72
Q

(Physical Properties) It is the reflection of light from the mineral surface. It is typically described by its intensity and quality. Common descriptions include glassy, non-metallic, or metallic.

A

Lustre

73
Q

(Physical Properties) It is a measure of how resistant a mineral is to scratching. To measure it, the mineral is scratched against another substance.

A

Hardness

74
Q

Measurements of hardness are made on the ____________.

A

Mohs Scale

75
Q

(Physical Properties) It refers to the ease with which a mineral breaks along weak planes. It can occur in several directions and at various angles.

A

Cleavage

76
Q

(Physical Properties) This is a term used when a mineral breaks but not in a flat or even way. It can be uneven, fibrous, or conchoidal (curved, shell-like).

A

Fracture

77
Q

(Composition) The composition of _____________ minerals is silicon, oxygen, and various other elements including iron, magnesium, and aluminum. This mineral category includes quartz, olivine, mica, and feldspar minerals.

A

silicate

78
Q

(Compositions) ____________ minerals are composed of carbon, oxygen, and various other elements including magnesium and calcium.

A

Carbonates

79
Q

(Compositions) ___________ minerals have a halogen (bromine, iodine, chlorine, or fluorine) as the main anion. Examples of these minerals include halite (table salt, NaCl), fluorite (CaF2), and sylvite (KCl).

A

Halide

80
Q

It is a mineral called sodium chloride. Its ordered structure is apparent because it occurs in crystals shaped like small cubes.

A

Table salt

81
Q

Another common mineral is __________, or silicon dioxide. Its crystals have a specific hexagonal shape.

A

quartz

82
Q

It is a mineral composed entirely of carbon, originally trapped by living organisms through the process of photosynthesis.

A

Coal

83
Q

It is a rock composed of a single mineral calcium carbonate.

A

Limestone

84
Q

On the basis of their origin on earth, rocks may be divided into three primary categories:

A

igneous
sedimentary
metamorphic.

85
Q

Minerals are vital components of our food. They fulfil a wide variety of functions, such as:

A
  • building materials for our bones
  • influencing muscle and nerve function
  • regulating the body’s water balance

Biochemistry Finals (4 decks)

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