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NURS 252 (Pharmacology 2) > Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 water-soluble vitamins

A

B-complex group and Vitamin C

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2
Q

What is toxic accumulation of vitamins called?

A

Hypervitaminosis

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3
Q

What are the vitamin A food sources, where are they from and what are they AKA?

A

AKA: Retinol, retinyl palmitate and acetate
Comes from carotenes, which are found in plants (Green veg, yellow veg and fruits)
Food sources: Liver, fish, dairy, egg yolks, dark leafy greens

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4
Q

What are the functions of Vit A?

A

Growth and development of bones and teeth (morphogenesis)
Night and normal vision (rhodopsin)
Reproduction
Integrity of mucosal and epithelial surfaces
Cholesterol and steroid synthesis

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5
Q

What are the IDs of Vit A?

A

Dietary supplements
Deficiency states
Skin conditions

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6
Q

What are the signs of Vit A toxicity?

A

Irritability, drowsiness, vertigo, delirium, coma, vomiting, diarrhea
Increased intracranial pressure in infants
Peeling of the skin and erythema

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7
Q

What is vitamin D2 and D3?

A

D2: Ergocalciferol, plant vitamin D obtained through dietary sources
D3: Cholecalciferol, produced in the skin by UV radiation

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8
Q

What are Vitamin D2-containing foods?

A

Fish liver oils, saltwater fish, fortified foods (milk, bread, cereals), animal livers, tuna fish, eggs, butter

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9
Q

What are the functions of Vit D?

A

Works with PTH hormone to regulate absorption of and use of calcium and phosphorus
Necessary for normal calcification of bone and teeth

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10
Q

What are the IDs and forms of Vit D?

A

Rickets, tetany, osteomalacia, prevention of osteoporosis, osteodystrophy, hypocalcemia, hypo-pth-ism, pseudohypo-pth-ism, hypophasphatemia
Forms: Calcifediol, Calcitriol, Dihydrotachysterol, Ergocalciferol

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11
Q

What are the signs of Vit D toxicity?

A

HTN, Dysrhythmias, weakness, fatigue, headache, drowsiness, anorexia, dry mouth, metallic taste, nausea, vomiting, constipation, Decreased bone growth, bone pain, muscle pain, polyuria, albuminuria, increase BUN,

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12
Q

What are the dietary plant and animal sources of Vit E?

A

Plant: Fruits, grains, fortified cereals, vegetable oils, wheat germ, nuts
Animal: Eggs, chicken, meats, fish

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13
Q

What is Vit E believed to act as?

A

An antioxidant

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of Vit K?

A

K1: Phytonadione
K2: Menaquinone
K3: Menadione

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15
Q

What are the dietary sources of K1?

A

Green leafy vegetables, cheese, soybean oils

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16
Q

What are the 4 Vit K-dependent clotting factors?

A

II, VII, IX, X

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17
Q

What is the ID of Vit K?

A

Reverses the effects of Warfarin

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18
Q

Name the 7 Vitamin B complexes we need to know

A

B1: Thiamine
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B9: Folic acid
B12: Cyanocobalamin

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19
Q

Name an example of Vit C?

A

Ascorbic acid

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20
Q

What are the food sources and deficiencies of thiamine?

A

Food: Enriched whole grain breads and cereals, liver, beans, yeast
Deficiencies: Beriberi, Wernicke’s encephalopathy

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21
Q

What is beriberi and wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

BB: Brain lesions, polyneuropathy of peripheral nerves, serious effusions, cardiac anatomical changes
WE: Cerebral BB

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22
Q

What are the functions of B1?

A

Carb metabolism
Maintains integrity of Peripheral nervous system, cardiovascular system, GI tract

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23
Q

What are the IDs of B1?

A

Thiamine Deficiency (BB, WE)
Management of poor appetite, ulcerative colitis, chronic diarrhea, and cerebellar syndrome or ataxia

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24
Q

What are the food sources of riboflavin?

A

Green, leafy veg, eggs, dairy, nuts, legumes, meats, liver, yeast, enriched whole-grain products

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25
What are the causes of B2 deficiency?
Alcoholism Intestinal malabsorption Long-standing infections Liver disease Malignancy Probenecid therapy
26
What are the functions of B2?
Required to activate B6 Converts tryptophan into niacin Maintains erythrocyte integrity
27
What can happen as a result of B2 deficiency?
Cutaneous, oral and corneal changes Cheilosis (chapped or fissured lips) Seborrheic dermatitis Keratitis
28
What are the IDs of Riboflavin?
Treatment of deficiency Microcytic anemia Acne Migraines
29
What is an AE of B2?
Large doses discolour urine yellow orange
30
What are the food sources of Niacin?
Beans, turkey, tuna, liver, yeast, peanuts, enriched whole-grain breads and cereals, wheat germ
31
What are the functions of b3?
Converted to nicotinamide upon ingestion, which is then converted to two coenzymes These are required for glycogenolysis and tissue resp. Carb, lipid, protein, and purine metabolism
32
What are the indications of B3?
Prevention and treatment of pellagra (niacin deficiency) Management of dyslipidemia
33
What are the signs of niacin deficiency?
Psychotic symptoms Neurasthenic syndrome Crusting, erythema, desquamation of skin, scaly dermatitis Inflammation of mucous membranes Diarrhea or bloody diarrhea
34
What are the AE of B3?
Flushing, pruritus, GI distress
35
What are the food sources of B6?
Whole grains, wheat germ, yeast, fortified cereals, fish, organ meats, poultry, meats, eggs, peanuts, nuts, vegetables, bananas
36
What are the functions of pyridoxine?
Protein, lipid and carb utilization Conversion or tryptophan to niacin Integrity of peripheral nerves, skin, mucous membranes and hematopoietic system
37
What are the signs of B6 deficiency?
Sideroblastic anemia Neurological disturbances Seborrheic dermatitis Cheilosis (chapped, fissured lips) Xanthurenic aciduria
38
What are the causes of b6 deficiency?
INH Hydralazine for HTN Uremia, alcoholism, cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, malabsorption, HF
39
What are the IDs of Pydioxine?
Seizures that are unresponsive to usual therapy Morning sickness
40
What are the food sources of B12?
Liver, Kidney, fish, shellfish, poultry, milk, eggs, blue cheese, fortified cereals
41
What are the functions of cyanocobalamin?
Fat and carb metabolism Protein synthesis Growth, cell replication Hematopoiesis Nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis
42
What are the causes of b12 deficiency and what can it lead to?
C: Malabsorption, Poor dietary intake Leads to: Neurologic damage and megaloblastic anemia
43
What are the natural sources of Vit C?
Citrus fruits, strawberries, tomatoes, potatoes, broccoli, spinach, brussel sprouts, cabbage, green peppers, liver
44
What are the functions of Vit C?
Collagen synthesis Maintenance of connective tissue Tissue repair Maintenance of bone, teeth and capillaries Folic acid metabolism Erythropoeisis Required for the synthesis of lipids, proteins and steroids
45
Prolonged deficiency of vit c results in scurvy, what are its s/s?
Weakness, gingivitis and bleeding gums, loss of teeth, anemia, SQ hemorrage, bone lesions, delayed healing of soft tissues and bones, hardening of leg muscles
46
What are the IDs of Vit C?
Prevention and treatment of scurvy Urinary acidifier
47
What can megadoses of Vit C cause?
Nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal cramps, acidified urine, with possible stone formation
48
What do minerals do?
Help to regulate muscle contraction, nerve transmission and production of HB
49
What's the most abundant mineral element in the body?
Calcium
50
What are the food sources of calcium?
Milk and dairy products, fortified cereals, calcium-fortified OJ, sardines, salmon
51
What are the functions of calcium?
Transmission of nerve impulses Contraction of cardiac, smooth and skeletal muscles Renal function, respiration and blood coagulation
52
What are the causes of Calcium deficiency?
Inadequate intake of Vit D Hypo-pth-ism Malabsorption syndrome
53
What are the IDs of Calcium?
Achlorhydria, Alkalosis, Chronic diarrhea, Hyperphosphatemia, Hypo-pth-sim, Menopause, Pancreatitis, Pregnancy and lactation, Premenstrual syndrome, Renal failure, Sprue, Steatorrhea, Osteoporosis
54
What can sever hypercalcemia cause?
Heart irregularities Delirium Coma
55
What can happen if hypercalcemia is present in pts with digoxin?
Serious cardiac dysrhythmias
56
What are the dietary sources of Mg?
Green leafy veg, meats, seafood, milk, cheese, yogurt, bran cereal, nuts
57
What's a consideration regarding Mg in pts whose diets are high in protein, calcium and phosphorus?
Higher amounts of Mg are needed
58
What are the causes of hypomagnesemia?
Malabsorption Alcoholism Long-term IV feedings Diuretics
59
What are the IDs of Mg?
Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia Peds acute nephropathy Cardiac dysrhythmias Constipation
60
What are the AE of Mg?
Tendon reflex loss Difficult bowel movements CNS depression Resp distress Heart block Hypothermia
61
What are the dietary sources of Phosphorus?
Milk, yogurt, cheese, peas, meats, fish, eggs
62
What can cause phosphorus deficiency?
Malabsorption Extensive diarrhea or vomiting Hyperthyroidism Long-term use of aluminum or calcium antacids Liver disease
63
What are the functions of phosphorus?
Required for synthesis of Nucleic acid, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine triphosphate
64
What are the AE of phosphorus?
Diarrhea, Nausea, vomiting, confusion, weakness, difficulty breathing
65
What are the indications and food sources of Zinc?
ID: Normal tissue growth and repair, mainly wound repair Food: Red meats, liver, oysters, milk products, eggs, beans, nuts, whole grains, fortified cereals, certain seafoods

NURS 252 (Pharmacology 2) (23 decks)

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