Vitamins

Question 1

how do vitamins lose nutrients?

Answer 1

through light, oxidation, cooking, and storage

Question 2

bioavailability

Answer 2

the rate and extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used

Question 3

precursor

Answer 3

the vitamin in its inactive form that can be changed into its active form in the body

Question 4

history of vitamins

Answer 4

recorded as early as the 17th century, they were thought to be infections

Question 5

what is the function of thiamin (B1)

Answer 5

coenzyme TTP, metabolic and energy pathways

it is desroyed by cooking

Question 6

What is the deficiency of thiamin

Answer 6

beriberi: can be wet or dry, wet is edema and hits the cardio system, dry is muscle weakness in the neuro system

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is a deficiency caused by alcoholism

Question 7

is there toxicity with thiamin

Answer 7

rare

Question 8

food sources of thiamin

Answer 8

pork, whole grain, and fortified and enriched grain

Question 9

function of riboflavin

Answer 9

coenzyme metabolic and energy pathways

destroyed by UV light, irradiation

Question 10

deficiency and toxicity of riboflavin

Answer 10

both are rare

Question 11

food source of riboflavin

Answer 11

milk and milk products, whole grain and fortified and enriched grain

Question 12

niacin (B3) function

Answer 12

coenzyme, metabolic and energy pathways

Question 13

niacin deficiency

Answer 13

pellagra: the 4 D’s: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

Question 14

niacin toxicity

Answer 14

niacin flush: red skin that may itch or burn

Question 15

food sources for niacin

Answer 15

protein, whole grain and fortified and enriched grain

Question 16

pantothenic acid function

Answer 16

coenzyme, metabolic and energy pathways

Question 17

pantothenic acid toxicity and deficiency

Answer 17

rare

Question 18

food sources of pantothenic acid

Answer 18

widespread, chicken, beef, potatoes, tomatoes

Question 19

B6 function

Answer 19

coenzyme, metabolic and energy pathways, protein metabolism

Question 20

deficiency of B6

Answer 20

rare, but neural symptoms, increased in alcoholics

Question 21

toxicity of B6

Answer 21

nerve damage

Question 22

food sources of B6

Answer 22

meats, fish, poultry, legumes, non-citrus fruits

Question 23

biotin function

Answer 23

coenzyme, metabolic and energy pathways

Question 24

deficiency and toxicity of biotin

Answer 24

rare

Question 25

food sources of biotin

Answer 25

eggs

Question 26

folate function

Answer 26

coenzyme, converts B12 into the coenzyme form, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis

can be destroyed by heat and oxygen

Question 27

folate recommendation

Answer 27

adults: 400ug/day

pregnant women: 600ug/day

Question 28

folate deficiency

Answer 28

neural tube defects in babies, macrocytic anemia in alcoholism

Question 29

folate toxicity

Answer 29

masks vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 30

folate food source

Answer 30

green leafy vegetables, legumes

Question 31

B12 function

Answer 31

coenzyme, works with folate, DNA and red blood cell synthesis

Question 32

B12 digestion

Answer 32

binds with intrinsic factor in order for it to be absorbed

Question 33

B12 deficiency

Answer 33

pernicious anemia, neurological symptoms

Question 34

B12 toxicity

Answer 34

rare

Question 35

B12 food sources

Answer 35

animal meats

Question 36

Vitamin C function

Answer 36

antioxidant

Question 37

vitamin C deficiency

Answer 37

scurvy: bleeding gums and poor wound healing

Question 38

vitamin C toxicity

Answer 38

2000mg/d

Question 39

vitamin C food sources

Answer 39

citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables

Question 40

vitamin C recommendations

Answer 40

men: 90mg/day
women: 75mg/day
smokers add 35mg/day

Question 41

vitamin A deficiency

Answer 41

night blindness, total blindness, keratinization

Question 42

vitamin A toxicity

Answer 42

yellowish skin, birth defects

Question 43

beta-carotene

Answer 43

carotenoid, vitamin A precursor

Question 44

beta-carotene deficiency and toxicity

Answer 44

rare

Question 45

beta-carotene food sources

Answer 45

plants with orange or dark green pigments

Question 46

vitamin D function

Answer 46

calcium absorption, bone formation

Question 47

vitamin D deficiency

Answer 47

rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis

Question 48

vitamin D toxicity

Answer 48

excess blood calcium

Question 49

vitamin D food source

Answer 49

fortified milk, fatty fish and oils, egg yolks

Question 50

vitamin E function

Answer 50

antioxidant

Question 51

vitamin E deficiency

Answer 51

not from inadequate intake, hemolytic anemia, neuromuscular dysfunction, secondary to fat malabsorption

Question 52

vitamin E toxicity

Answer 52

rare

Question 53

vitamin E food sources

Answer 53

margarine, salad dressings, nuts

Question 54

vitamin K functions

Answer 54

coenzyme, bood clotting

Question 55

vitamin K deficiency

Answer 55

rare from dietary intake

Question 56

vitamin K toxicity

Answer 56

rare

Question 57

vitamin K food sources

Answer 57

leafy green vegetables