Vitamins Flashcards
What are the symptoms of vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency?
- Impaired glucose breakdown (ATP depletion)
- Wet Beri Beri – cardiac issues
- Dry Beri Beri – neurological issues
- Wernicke Encephalopathy – seen in alcoholics (decrease in TPP, increase in pyruvate, increase in lactic acid)
What are the symptoms of vitamin B2 (riboflavin) deficiency?
- Cheilosis – inflammation at lips/scaling
- Corneal vascularization
What are the symptoms of vitamin B3 (niacin) deficiency?
Pellagra (3Ds – dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia)
What are the symptoms of vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) deficiency?
- Dermatitis
- enteritis
- alopecia
- adrenal insufficiency
What are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency?
- Convulsions
- microcytic/sideroblastic/hypochromic anemia
What are the symptoms of vitamin B7 deficiency?
None
What are the symptoms of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?
Macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia
What are the symptoms of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?
Macrocytic/pernicious anemia (neurological defects)
What are the symptoms of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency?
- Bruising
- petechiae (blood vessels bursting causing blood spots under skin)
- kidney stones
- scurvy
- decreased immune response
- microcytic/hypochromic anemia
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
- Rickett’s (bowlegs)
- oesteomalacia (bone pain)
What are the symptoms of vitamin E (tocopherol) deficiency?
- Hemolytic anemia
- neurological symptoms
What are the symptoms of vitamin K (phylloquinone) deficiency?
None
What are the symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?
- Night blindness
- scaly skin
- cornea degeneration
- spots on conjunctiva
What are causes of vitamin B7 (biotin) defeciency?
- antibiotics
- raw egg whites (contain avidin)
Who are the two at risk populations of vitamin B9 (folate) deficiency?
pregnant women (spina bifida/neural tube defects) and alcoholics
What are the five causes of vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency?
- Decreased secretion of pancreatic proteases (CF)
- Limited IF secretion
- Gastritis
- Parasites
- Vegan Diets
What are the causes of vitamin K deficiency?
- Not in breast-milk (babies require injection at birth)
- prolonged use of antibiotics decrease levels
What is the bioactive form of vitamin B1?
TPP
What is the bioactive form of vitamin B2?
FAD and FMN
What is the bioactive form of vitamin B3 and what is one of its sources?
- NAD+, NADP+
- derived from tryptophan
What is the bioactive form of vitamin B6?
PLP
What is the bioactive form of vitamin B9 and how long and where is it stored?
- THF
- Stored for 3 months
- Liver
How long is vitamin B12 stored for and where?
- 3 years
- liver
What is the bioactive form of vitamin C?
Ascorbate
What is the bioactive form of vitamin D?
Calcitriol (requires sunlight for activation)
What is the function of vitamin A?
- Antioxidant
- Visual pigment
- Treats acne/measles/leukemia
- Differentiation of epithelial cells
What is the function of vitamin B1 (thiamin)?
Cofactor in:
- Pyruvate DH
- Alpha-KG DH
- Transketolase
- Branched chain alpha-keto acid DH
What is the function of vitamin B2?
Cofactors in redox reactions
What is the function of vitamin B3?
- Cofactors in redox reactions
- treats dyslipidemia (lowers LDL, increases HDL)
What is the function of vitamin B5?
Component of CoA and fatty acid synthesis
What is the function of vitamin B6?
- Cofactor in transamination (AST/ALT)
- Decarboxylation
- Heme synthesis
- Neurotransmitter synthesis
What is the function of vitamin B7?
- Think eggs
- cofactor for carboxylation (adds 1C)
What is the function of vitamin B9?
- Cofactor for 1C metabolism
- Important in DNA/AA synthesis/Beta-oxidation of FAs
What is the function of vitamin B12?
Cofactor in 2 reactions:
- Methionine synthase
- methylmanoyl-CoA;
Important in myelin regulation, DNA/RNA synthesis
What is the function of vitamin C?
- Antioxidant
- collagen synthesis (proline and lysine hydroxylation)
- tyrosine synthesis
- Carnitine synthesis (methionine/lysine hydroxylation)
- neurotransmitter synthesis
- iron absorption
What is the function of vitamin D?
- Maintains Ca++/PO4-2
- Bone mineralization (low [Ca++])
- Bone resorption (high [Ca++])
What is the function of vitamin E?
Antioxidant: protects RBC from ROS
What is the function of vitamin K?
- Necessary for clotting factors (warfarin inhibits)
- Inactive form synthesized by intestinal flora
What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin A?
Teratogenic (cleft palate/cardiac abnormalities)
What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin B3?
Flushing (release of PGs)
What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin C?
Iron toxicity with increased absorption
What are the symptoms of excess in vitamin D?
Hypercalcemia (loss of appetite)
