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GI Midterm > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A

Functions

A

Vision-black and white; night vision

Cell differentiation

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2
Q

Vitamin A

Deficiency

A

Mild: night blindness
Severe:
-xerophthalmia (damage to cornea, dry eyes, scarring, blindness)
-hyperkeratosis (increased keratin synthesis)
-infection

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3
Q

Vitamin D

Functions

A

Calcium homeostasis

Gene expression and cell differentiation

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4
Q

Vitamin D

Source

A
  • Synthesized from UV light
  • Some dietary intake
  • 2 forms
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5
Q

Vitamin D

Deficiency

A
  • deficiency in childhood can lead to rickets
  • deficiency in adulthood can lead to osteopenia and osteoporosis
  • can cause hyperintense signal near ventricles (may lead to Alzheimer’s and dementia?)
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6
Q

Vitamin K

Functions

A
  • blood clotting (needed to convert prothrombin to thrombin)
  • bone calcification to make hydroxyapatite
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7
Q

Vitamin K

Deficiency

A
  • uncontrollable bleeding

- give newborns vitamin K shot (because don’t yet have colonic bacteria needed to make vitamin K

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8
Q

Vitamin E

Function

A

Antioxidant
Sits in membranes and scavenges free radicals to prevent damage
Interacts with vitamin C…vitamin E transfers free radical to vitamin C which decreases the reactivity of it

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9
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

Hemolytic anemia-ruptured RBCs due to oxidative damage

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10
Q

Vitamin C

Functions

A
  • antioxidant…needed for gutathione peroxidase in order to convert free radicals into water
  • synthesis of molecules, especially collagen
  • can reduce iron, copper, and chromium so it can be better absorbed (have to convert non-heme Fe3+ to Fe2+ in oder to absorb it)
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11
Q

Vitamin C

Deficiency

A

Scurvy (bleeding gums, poor wound healing, internal hemorrhaging)

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12
Q

“ATP” B-Vitamins

A 
B1 (thiamin)
B2
B3
B5
B7
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13
Q

B1 (thiamine)

Function

A 
Thiamine 
ATP production (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA); coenzyme TPP
RNA/DNA synthesis
NADPH synthesis
Nerve function
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14
Q

B1 (thiamine)

Deficiency

A

Beri Beri:

  1. Dry: muscle wasting, leg cramps, neuropathy
  2. Wet: edema, heart enlargement
  3. Infantile: breast milk is thiamine deficient
  4. Cerebral=Wernicke-Korsakoff caused by alcoholism; involuntary movement and paralysis of eye

Heart failure with B1 levels at suboptimal status

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15
Q

B2 (riboflavin)

Functions

A

Riboflavin

Energy production (needed in Krebs); part of FAD and FMN
Synthesis of vitamins
NT metabolism
Shown to maybe reduce systolic and diastolic BP

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16
Q

B2 (riboflavin)

Deficiency

A

Rarely an isolated deficiency

Causes muscle weakness, cheilosis, stomatitis, glossitis

17
Q

B3 (niacin)

Functions

A

Niacin

ATP production (glycolysis and Krebs) part of NAD and NADP
Synthesis and metabolism of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, DNA, vitamin C, folate

Decreases LDL and increases HDL, but side effects include flushing and itching

18
Q

B3 (niacin)

Deficiency

A

Niacin

Pellegra: the 4 D’s (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death)

19
Q

B5 (panthenoic acid)

Function

A

Pantothenic Acid

Part of CoA

ATP production (glycolysis and Kreb’s)

Synthesis of heme, cholesterol, bile salts, phospholipids, fatty acids, steroid hormones)

20
Q

B7 (biotin)

Function

A

Biotin

Gluconeogenesis
Protein Catabolism
Fatty acid synthesis
ATP production

21
Q

B7 (biotin)

Deficiency

A

Uncommon, but could be caused by eating a lot of raw eggs (avidin), intestinal diseases

22
Q

One Carbon Metabolism B-Vitamins

A

B6, 9, 12

23
Q

Isoniazid

A
  • drug used for tuberculosis treatment

- can cause B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency (and thus cause niacin deficiency)

24
Q

B6 (pyroxidine)

Function

A

Pyroxidine

Part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism (transaminases, decarboxylases)

Needed for heme synthesis!

One-carbon metabolism (synthesis of cysteine is dependent on on B6 or else there will be a buildup of homocysteine)

25
Q

B9

Function

A

Folate
Activates B12

Helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth, protects nerve cells

26
Q

B6 deficiency (pyroxidine)

A

Pyroxidine

Microcytic, hypochromic anemia (can’t make heme without B6)
Convulsions (can’t make NTs)
Hyperhomocysteinemia-can’t breakdown homocysteine so risk of vascular disease increases.

27
Q

B9 (folate)

Function

A

Folate

Synthesis of RNA and DNA through production of nucelotides (T, A, G)

Conversion of homocysteine to methionine

SAM synthesis in order to methylate (universal methyl donor)

28
Q

B9 (folate)

Deficiency

A

Folate

Macrocytic/megaloblastic anemia (inhibited DNA synthesis)-large RBCs and increased number of lobes in PMNs (polymorphonucelear leukocytes)

Hyperhomocysteinemia because can’t metabolism homocysteine…increases risk of vascular disease and dementia

Neural tube defects (spina bifida and anencephaly)

Take folic acid supplement

29
Q

B9 (folate)

Toxicity

A

May mask B12 deficiency

May cause cancer growth

30
Q

B12 (cobalamine)

Function

A

Cobalamin

DNA and RNA synthesis by production of thymidine, adenine and guanine

Methionine recycling-conversion of homocystine to methionine

SAM synthesis

Odd-chain fatty acid metabolism

31
Q

B12(cobalamine)

Deficiency and causes

A

Cobalamine

Macrocytic anemia (large RBCs and multilobed PMN)

Hyperhomocrysteinemia

Neurological disease (degeneration of spinal cord and brain, neuropathy)

Can be caused by dietary deficiency, pernicious anemia (can’t make IF so can’t absorb B12), and atrophic gastritis (can’t separate B12 from food so it can’t be absorbed)

32
Q

Pernicious Anemia

A

Autoimmune disorder causing a loss of intrinsic factor in stomach

Causes B12 deficiency

33
Q

Deficiencies in what vitamins cause microcytic anemia?

A

B6

Iron

34
Q

Deficiencies in what vitamins cause microcytic anemia?

A

B9-folate

B12-cobalamine

35
Q

Absorption of B12

A

Cobalamine

  1. Ingested and enters stomach with haptocorrin that is in the saliva
  2. In stomach, B12 separated from food; IF is released
  3. In duodenum, B12 is released from haptocorrin and binds to IF
  4. B12 and IF are absorbed by enterocyte in ileum

GI Midterm (6 decks)

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