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Question 1

Catabolic vs. Anabolic

Answer 1

Catabolic:
Oxidation
Produce NADH and NADPH
Breaks down energy yielding nutrients to release energy

Anabolic:
Reduction
Requires energy (uses up NADPH)

Question 2

Rate limiting step for glucose metabolism in beta cell

Answer 2

Glucose phosphorylation by glucokinase

Question 3

Sulfonylurea

Answer 3

Block ATP-sensitive K+ channel to allow for depolarization and enhanced insulin secretion

Question 4

Marker of endogenous insulin production

Answer 4

C-peptide

Question 5

Glucose transporter on
Beta cells
Brain
Liver
Skeletal Muscle
Adipose

Answer 5

Glut 2
Glut 3
Glut 2
Glut 4
Glut 4

Question 6

mTOR

Answer 6

Nutrient sensing pathway

Stimulated by insulin binding to its receptor, causing an activation of the pathway.

Anabolic: Senses amino acid availability to enhance rate of protein synthesis; increase uptake of glucose, increase transcription of genes needed for anabolism

Question 7

AMPK

Answer 7

Nutrient-sensing pathway

Catabolic: Senses low ATP levels to stimulate catabolic pathways for ATP generation

Question 8

Effect of Glucagon and Epi

Answer 8

Bind to different receptors that both activate G-protein

Get same response for different purposes (Glucagon secreted when blood glucose low and epi secreted when stressed)

Allows different tissues to respond differently (ie skeletal muscle tissues only have epi receptors)

Question 9

Omega 3

Answer 9

Made from linolenic acid
Converted to DHA, EPA, and omega 3 eicosanoids
EPA for dilation of blood vessels and DHA for visual and brain development
DHA can be conditionally essential in infants

Question 10

Eicosanoids

Answer 10

Made from omega 3 and omega 6 FAs

Amount is dependent on diet

Needed for immune response and CV function

Act like hormones as second messengers

Question 11

Omega 6

Answer 11

From linoleic acid
Converted to arachidonic acid (helps with inflammation)
Arachidonic acid can be converted to omega 6 eicosanoids and prostaglandins

Question 12

Soluble fiber function

Answer 12

1. Soften poop
2. Reduce cholesterol by binding bile acids for excretion
3. Delays gastric emptying which promotes satiety
4. Promotes growth of friendly bacteria
5. Prevents colon cancer

Question 13

Insoluble fiber

Answer 13

1. Increases fecal weight
2. Prevents constipation
3. Prevents diverticular disease

Question 14

PKU

Answer 14

Can’t convert phenylalanine to tyrosine, making tyrosine conditionally essential