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Nutrition Final Exam > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A: Functions

A

Vision (rhodopsin), immunity, growth

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2
Q

Vitamin A: Sources

A

Preformed: Animal Products; PrOformed: red/orange/yellow plants & dark green leafy veggies

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3
Q

Vitamin A: Deficiency

A

eye problems: night blindness, xerosis, xeropthalmia, Bitot’s Spots

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4
Q

What is the #1 nutritional deficiency world wide?

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

Vitamin A: Toxicity

A

dry skin, bone pain, hair loss

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6
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Functions

A

prohormone, calcium & phosphorus absorption

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7
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Sources

A

D3 (cholecalciferol): fortified dairy, fatty fish, hydroxylated in liver and kidneys to fully activate as calcitriol

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8
Q

Vitamin D becomes fully activated in which organs and into what compound?

A

Vitamin D is hydroxylated to Calcitriol in the liver and kidneys

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9
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Deficiency

A

Rickets, Autoimmune disease

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10
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia

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11
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): RDA

A

<1 = 400 IU/D; 1-70 = 600 IU/D; >70 = 800 IU/D

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12
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Functions

A

Antioxidant in plasma membrane

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13
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Sources

A

Nuts/Seeds, Vegetable Oil, Olive Oil, Peanut Butter

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14
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Deficiency

A

hemolytic anemia in infants, peripheral neuropathy

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15
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Toxicity

A

No known toxicity from foods; supplements may thin the blood

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16
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Functions

A

Formation of carboxyglutamates in clotting (fibrinogen pathway) and bone formation (osteocalcin); Side note: carboxyglutamates are calcium-binding sites

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17
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone): Sources

A

Dark green leafy veggies

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18
Q

Vitamin K (Menoquinone): Sources

A

meat, eggs, also produced by gut bacteria

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19
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Deficiency

A

increased blood loss due to lack of clotting, (shots of vitamin K are given to infants at birth to prevent vitamin K-associated bleeding in the brain

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20
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Toxicity

A

None

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21
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Functions

A

antioxidant (regenerates vitamin E), required for collagen synthesis (formation of hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine), nonheme iron absorption

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22
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Sources

A

citrus fruits, peppers

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23
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Deficiency

A

Scurvy

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24
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Toxicity

A

Diarrhea

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25
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): RDA is higher in which population?
smokers have higher requirements than non-smokers
26
Thiamin (B1): Functions
coenzyme (TPP/TDP - Thiamin pyrophosphate), noncoenzyme (TTP - Thiamin triphosphate), Required by nervous system
27
Thiamin (B1): Sources
Enriched Grains, meats, legumes; (raw fish contain thiamin degrading enzymes)
28
Thiamin (B1): Deficiency
Fatigue, weakness, Beriberi, Wernicke's Encephalopathy in Alcoholics Acute beriberi - infants Wet beriberi - adults Dry beriberi - older patients (muscle weakness, calf pain, difficulty walking
29
Thiamin (B1): Toxicity
None
30
Riboflavin (B2): Functions
Coenzyme (FAD & FMN) in Krebs and ETC, niacin synthesis (used by dehydrogenases)
31
Riboflavin (B2): Sources
Milk, enriched grains, organ meats
32
Riboflavin (B2): Deficiency
Ariboflavinosis: Magenta tongue, glossitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis
33
Riboflavin (B2): Toxicity
None
34
Niacin (B3): Function
Coenzyme (NAD-used by dehydrogenases & NADPH-building pathways, lipid & cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid elongation)
35
Niacin (B3): Sources
Meat, fish, enriched grains
36
Niacin (B3): Deficiency
Pellagra: (4 D's): dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
37
Niacin (B3): Toxicity
supplements can cause flushing (hot flashes)
38
Pantothenic Acid (B5): Functions
part of Coenzyme A (CoA) & acyl carrier protein (ACP) - metabolism of carbs, lipids & proteins - synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, hemoglobin, acetylcholine, melatonin
39
Pantothenic Acid (B5): Sources
Widespread
40
Pantothenic Acid (B5): Deficiency
RARE; burning feet syndrome
41
Pantothenic Acid (B5): Toxicity
None
42
Biotin (B7): Functions
Coenzyme for carboxylases (FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis)
43
Biotin (B7): Sources
liver, cooked eggs, soy, non-wheat cereals, meat, tomatoes
44
Biotin (B7): Deficiency
birth defects, alopecia, fatigue
45
Biotin (B7): Toxicity
None
46
Choline: Functions
cellular integrity as part of phosphatidyl choline (lecithin), part of lipoproteins & acetylcholine
47
Choline: Sources
Soy, milk, eggs, peanuts
48
Choline: Deficiency
liver & muscle damage, neural tube defects
49
Choline: Toxicity
decreased growth, fishy body odor, excessive sweating & salivation
50
Pyridoxine (B6): Functions
coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) for amino acid metabolism, synthesis of: niacin, collagen, carnitine, heme, sphingomyelin
51
Pyridoxine (B6): Sources
Meats, enriched grains
52
Pyridoxine (B6): Deficiency
peripheral neuropathy, microcytic hypochromic anemia (because its required for heme synthesis)
53
Pyridoxine (B6): Toxicity
peripheral neuropathy
54
Folate (B9): Functions
methylation reactions (1 carbon metabolism) in DNA synthesis and cell replication
55
Folate (B9): Sources
Dark leafy veggies (spinach, kale), legumes (beans); folic acid is the synthetic form in both supplements and fortified foods
56
Folate (B9): Deficiency
neural tube defects, megaloblastic macrocytic anemia
57
Folate (B9): Toxicity
Folic Acid supplements can mask a B12 deficiency causing permanent nerve damage
58
Cobalamin (B12): Functions
Coenzyme: methylcobalamin-formation of S-adenosylmethionine required for MYELINATION; Adenosylcobalamin = Amino acid metabolism
59
Cobalamin (B12): Sources
meats (B12 requires IF secreted by gastric parietal cells to be absorbed)
60
Cobalamin (B12): Deficiency
megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy
61
Cobalamin (B12): Toxicity
None

Nutrition Final Exam (2 decks)

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