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Nutrition Final Exam > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A: Functions

A

Vision (rhodopsin), immunity, growth

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2
Q

Vitamin A: Sources

A

Preformed: Animal Products; PrOformed: red/orange/yellow plants & dark green leafy veggies

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3
Q

Vitamin A: Deficiency

A

eye problems: night blindness, xerosis, xeropthalmia, Bitot’s Spots

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4
Q

What is the #1 nutritional deficiency world wide?

A

Vitamin A

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5
Q

Vitamin A: Toxicity

A

dry skin, bone pain, hair loss

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6
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Functions

A

prohormone, calcium & phosphorus absorption

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7
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Sources

A

D3 (cholecalciferol): fortified dairy, fatty fish, hydroxylated in liver and kidneys to fully activate as calcitriol

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8
Q

Vitamin D becomes fully activated in which organs and into what compound?

A

Vitamin D is hydroxylated to Calcitriol in the liver and kidneys

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9
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Deficiency

A

Rickets, Autoimmune disease

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10
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): Toxicity

A

Hypercalcemia

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11
Q

Vitamin D (calciferol): RDA

A

<1 = 400 IU/D; 1-70 = 600 IU/D; >70 = 800 IU/D

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12
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Functions

A

Antioxidant in plasma membrane

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13
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Sources

A

Nuts/Seeds, Vegetable Oil, Olive Oil, Peanut Butter

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14
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Deficiency

A

hemolytic anemia in infants, peripheral neuropathy

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15
Q

Vitamin E (Tocopherol): Toxicity

A

No known toxicity from foods; supplements may thin the blood

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16
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Functions

A

Formation of carboxyglutamates in clotting (fibrinogen pathway) and bone formation (osteocalcin); Side note: carboxyglutamates are calcium-binding sites

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17
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone): Sources

A

Dark green leafy veggies

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18
Q

Vitamin K (Menoquinone): Sources

A

meat, eggs, also produced by gut bacteria

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19
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Deficiency

A

increased blood loss due to lack of clotting, (shots of vitamin K are given to infants at birth to prevent vitamin K-associated bleeding in the brain

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20
Q

Vitamin K (Phylloquinone & Menoquinone): Toxicity

A

None

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21
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Functions

A

antioxidant (regenerates vitamin E), required for collagen synthesis (formation of hydroxyproline & hydroxylysine), nonheme iron absorption

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22
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Sources

A

citrus fruits, peppers

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23
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Deficiency

A

Scurvy

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24
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): Toxicity

A

Diarrhea

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25
Q

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): RDA is higher in which population?

A

smokers have higher requirements than non-smokers

26
Q

Thiamin (B1): Functions

A

coenzyme (TPP/TDP - Thiamin pyrophosphate), noncoenzyme (TTP - Thiamin triphosphate), Required by nervous system

27
Q

Thiamin (B1): Sources

A

Enriched Grains, meats, legumes; (raw fish contain thiamin degrading enzymes)

28
Q

Thiamin (B1): Deficiency

A

Fatigue, weakness, Beriberi, Wernicke’s Encephalopathy in Alcoholics

Acute beriberi - infants
Wet beriberi - adults
Dry beriberi - older patients (muscle weakness, calf pain, difficulty walking

29
Q

Thiamin (B1): Toxicity

A

None

30
Q

Riboflavin (B2): Functions

A

Coenzyme (FAD & FMN) in Krebs and ETC, niacin synthesis (used by dehydrogenases)

31
Q

Riboflavin (B2): Sources

A

Milk, enriched grains, organ meats

32
Q

Riboflavin (B2): Deficiency

A

Ariboflavinosis: Magenta tongue, glossitis, cheilosis, angular stomatitis

33
Q

Riboflavin (B2): Toxicity

A

None

34
Q

Niacin (B3): Function

A

Coenzyme (NAD-used by dehydrogenases & NADPH-building pathways, lipid & cholesterol synthesis and fatty acid elongation)

35
Q

Niacin (B3): Sources

A

Meat, fish, enriched grains

36
Q

Niacin (B3): Deficiency

A

Pellagra: (4 D’s): dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death

37
Q

Niacin (B3): Toxicity

A

supplements can cause flushing (hot flashes)

38
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5): Functions

A

part of Coenzyme A (CoA) & acyl carrier protein (ACP)

  • metabolism of carbs, lipids & proteins
  • synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, hemoglobin, acetylcholine, melatonin
39
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5): Sources

A

Widespread

40
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5): Deficiency

A

RARE; burning feet syndrome

41
Q

Pantothenic Acid (B5): Toxicity

A

None

42
Q

Biotin (B7): Functions

A

Coenzyme for carboxylases (FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis)

43
Q

Biotin (B7): Sources

A

liver, cooked eggs, soy, non-wheat cereals, meat, tomatoes

44
Q

Biotin (B7): Deficiency

A

birth defects, alopecia, fatigue

45
Q

Biotin (B7): Toxicity

A

None

46
Q

Choline: Functions

A

cellular integrity as part of phosphatidyl choline (lecithin), part of lipoproteins & acetylcholine

47
Q

Choline: Sources

A

Soy, milk, eggs, peanuts

48
Q

Choline: Deficiency

A

liver & muscle damage, neural tube defects

49
Q

Choline: Toxicity

A

decreased growth, fishy body odor, excessive sweating & salivation

50
Q

Pyridoxine (B6): Functions

A

coenzyme (pyridoxal phosphate, PLP) for amino acid metabolism, synthesis of: niacin, collagen, carnitine, heme, sphingomyelin

51
Q

Pyridoxine (B6): Sources

A

Meats, enriched grains

52
Q

Pyridoxine (B6): Deficiency

A

peripheral neuropathy, microcytic hypochromic anemia (because its required for heme synthesis)

53
Q

Pyridoxine (B6): Toxicity

A

peripheral neuropathy

54
Q

Folate (B9): Functions

A

methylation reactions (1 carbon metabolism) in DNA synthesis and cell replication

55
Q

Folate (B9): Sources

A

Dark leafy veggies (spinach, kale), legumes (beans); folic acid is the synthetic form in both supplements and fortified foods

56
Q

Folate (B9): Deficiency

A

neural tube defects, megaloblastic macrocytic anemia

57
Q

Folate (B9): Toxicity

A

Folic Acid supplements can mask a B12 deficiency causing permanent nerve damage

58
Q

Cobalamin (B12): Functions

A

Coenzyme: methylcobalamin-formation of S-adenosylmethionine required for MYELINATION; Adenosylcobalamin = Amino acid metabolism

59
Q

Cobalamin (B12): Sources

A

meats (B12 requires IF secreted by gastric parietal cells to be absorbed)

60
Q

Cobalamin (B12): Deficiency

A

megaloblastic macrocytic anemia, peripheral neuropathy

61
Q

Cobalamin (B12): Toxicity

A

None

Nutrition Final Exam (2 decks)

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