Minerals Flashcards by Nicole Zipay

What are the general functions of minerals?

Bone
Cell Signaling
Fluid Balance/Osmotic Pressure
Metabolic Processing of Macronutrients
Oxygen Transport

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Describe general mineral metabolism:

Dissolution in liquid frees ionic mineral from the salt form it is consumed in

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What influences general mineral absorption:

influenced by food as well as the body’s need

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What increases mineral absorption?

acidic environment

some proteins or sugars

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What decreases mineral absorption?

consuming with binders such as oxalate, phytate & tannins

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What foods contain Oxalate binders?

Beans, greens, nuts, berries

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What foods contain the Phytate binders?

Whole grains, legumes, seeds

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What foods contain Tannins binders?

Tea, coffee, wine, red berries, red beans

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How are minerals transported in the body?

They are bound to plasma or specific transport proteins

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What regulates tissue uptake of minerals?

Hormones regulate it

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How are minerals found in the body?

Free ions in body fluids: Electrolytes
Bound to other minerals as salts: Hydroxyapatite
Bound to organic compounds like proteins: Hemoglobin

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Which minerals are considered major minerals?

Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Chloride

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Which minerals are considered trace minerals?

Iron
Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride

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What are the Functions of Calcium?

Bone

Cell Signaling: stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, released for clotting and muscle contraction

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What is the RDA for Calcium?

4-8yrs: 1000mg/d
9-18 yrs: 1300mg/d
19-50yrs: 1000mg/d
>50yrs: 1200mg/d

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What are some of the best sources of Calcium,?

Dairy, non dairy milk, low-oxalate greens: kale, broccoli

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What is a deficiency of Calcium called and how does it present?

Hypocalcemia; tetany, osteoporosis

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What is a toxicity of Calcium called and how does it present?

Hypercalcemia; calcification of soft tissues, hallucinogens, constipation
watch for parathyroid tumors in older patients

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What mineral absorption may be impacted by hypercalcemia and how?

Decreased absorption of iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc

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What are the functions of Phosphorus?

Bone
Phosphate in ATP
cAMP
Phospholipids
DNA &amp; RNA
Buffer

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What are some good sources of Phosphorus?

animal producs, dairy, eggs

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What is a deficiency of Phosphorus called and how does it present?

Hypophosphatemia; bone loss in those consuming large amounts of aluminum-containing antacids

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What is a toxicity of Phosphorus called and how does it present?

Hyperphosphatemia; bone resportion when Ca:P ratio is <1 for a significant amount of time leads to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

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What are the functions of Magnesium?

Bone
Muscle relaxation (calcium channel blocker)
Cofactor for 300 enzymes using ATP (stabilizes ATP)

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What are some good sources of Magnesium?

Nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood

What is a deficiency of Magnesium called and how does it present?

Hypomagnesemia; muscle weakness, cramps, headaches

What is a toxicity of Magnesium called and how does it present?

No toxicity from foods; supplements & meds cause slurred speech and diarrhea

What are the functions of sodium?

Water balance(MAJOR CATION IN ECF), muscle action(Na+/K+ pumps), nutrient absorption

What are the main sources of sodium?

Table salt, cured meats, canned soup

What is a deficiency of sodium called and how does it present?

Hyponatremia; muscle cramps, seizures (can be caused by head trauma)

What is a toxicity of sodium called and how does it present?

Hypernatremia; hypertension, edema, excessive calcium excretion causing hypocalcemia

What are the functions of Potassium?

Water balance (MAJOR CATION IN ICF), muscle action (Na+/K+ pumps), insulin release from beta cells, blood pressure

What are some good sources of potassium?

Sweet potatoes, banana, avocado, dairy

What is a deficiency of potassium called and how does it present?

Hypokalemia; arrhythmia, muscle weakness

What is a toxicity of potassium called and how does it present?

Hyperkalemia: arrhythmia

What are the functions of Chloride?

water balance (MAJOR ANION IN ECF), HCl in digestion, chloride shift in RBC during respiration

What are good sources of Chloride?

table salt, cured meats, canned soup

What is a deficiency of chloride called/result in?

Metabolic Alkalosis

What is a chloride toxicity called/result in?

None, it doesn't exist

What are the functions of Iron?

Oxygen transport, cofactor for enzymes (catalase), part of cytochromes

What is a good source of heme iron?

Red meat

What are good sources of non-heme iron and what else is required?

Plants & Supplements (also require Vitamin C)

What is the Iron RDA for males & postmenopausal females?

8mg/day

What is the Iron RDA for females of childbearing age?

18 mg/day

What is the #1 nutritional deficiency in the US?

Iron deficiency

What is characteristic of Iron deficiency?

may be with or without microcytic hypochromic anemia, fatigue, pallor

What is characteristic of Iron toxicity?

fatal in large quantities, nausea/vomiting

What is a genetic condition involving excess Iron?

Hemochromatosis

Which Iron binding proteins are found in the SI, Liver, Spleen and bone marrow?

Ferritin

What is the function of Ferritin?

Iron Stores

Which Iron binding protein is only found in the SI?

Ferroportin

What is the function of Ferroportin?

Transports Iron across the basolateral membrane | **requires Cu**

Which Iron binding protein is responsible for transporting iron in the plasma?

Transferrin

What are the functions of Zinc?

Cofactor for growth processes, protein metabolism, immune system, taste, CYTOSOLIC superoxide dismutase (SOD1 & SOD3)

What are the sources of Zinc?

OYSTERS, meat, legumes(contain phytate)

What is characteristic of a Zinc deficiency?

stunted growth, impaired taste, poor wound healing, decreased immune function **Acrodermatitis Enteropathica**

What can occur with Zinc toxicity?

decreased copper absorption

What are the functions of Copper?

part of CERULOPLASMIN(transport iron out of the enterocyte), cofactor for SOD1 & SOD3, part of cytochrome c oxidase

What are good sources of Copper?

OYSTERS, Cocoa

What is associated with a Copper deficiency?

Menkes' Disease

What is associated with a Copper toxicity?

Wilson's disease, Kayser-Fleisher rings, liver damage

What functions is Iodine involved with?

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

What are good sources of Iodine?

Seafood, Iodized Salt

True or False: Salt in processed food is commonly iodized?

False

What are the symptoms of an Iodine deficiency?

goiter, cretinism, mental impairment, hypo-/ hyperthyroidism

What is the #1 cause of preventable brain damage in the world?

Iodine deficiency

What are the symptoms of an Iodine toxicity?

iodine-excess goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, elevated TSH

What are the functions of Selenium?

Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, conversion of T4 to T3, part of selenoproteins

What are some good sources of Selenium?

BRAZIL NUTS, anything from the ground

What is generally associated with a Selenium deficiency?

oxidative stress in the thyroid

What is it called when a Selenium deficiency produces cardiomyopathy?

Keshan Disease

What is it called when a Selenium deficiency produces joint deficiency?

Kashin-Bek disease

What is commonly associated with Selenium toxicity?

hair loss and joint pain

What are the functions of manganese?

Cofactor for bone and carb metabolism **may be used instead of magnesium by some enzymes**

What general group of foods is a good source of manganese?

Plants

What is associated with a manganese deficiency?

Impaired growth

What usually causes a manganese toxicity?

Inhalation by miners

What symptoms may be seen with a manganese toxicity?

Seizures & Memory loss

What are the functions of Chromium?

Insulin release & action (part of glucose tolerance factor)

What are common sources of Chromium?

Brewer's Yeast, grains

What symptom may indicate a chromium deficiency?

Impaired blood sugar regulation

Toxicity due to supplements of Chromium may damage what structures/organs?

Nerves, Kidneys and Liver

What are the functions of Molybdenum?

Cofactor for many enzymes: Xanthine Oxidase; Involved with purine metabolism during repurfusion injury

What are sources of molybdenum?

Organ Meats, dairy, grains

True or False: It is unlikely to have a molybdenum deficiency?

True

What is associated with molybdenum toxicity and how does it occur?

Gout, from supplements

What tissues/structures is Fluoride important for?

Bones/Teeth

What are common sources of Fluoride?

Fluoridated water, toothpaste, tea (natural)

What is associated with fluoride deficiency?

Dental carries (Cavities)

What is associated with Fluoride toxicity?

Fluorosis, bone pitting