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Nutrition Final Exam > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general functions of minerals?

A 
Bone
Cell Signaling
Fluid Balance/Osmotic Pressure
Metabolic Processing of Macronutrients
Oxygen Transport
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2
Q

Describe general mineral metabolism:

A

Dissolution in liquid frees ionic mineral from the salt form it is consumed in

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3
Q

What influences general mineral absorption:

A

influenced by food as well as the body’s need

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4
Q

What increases mineral absorption?

A

acidic environment

some proteins or sugars

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5
Q

What decreases mineral absorption?

A

consuming with binders such as oxalate, phytate & tannins

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6
Q

What foods contain Oxalate binders?

A

Beans, greens, nuts, berries

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7
Q

What foods contain the Phytate binders?

A

Whole grains, legumes, seeds

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8
Q

What foods contain Tannins binders?

A

Tea, coffee, wine, red berries, red beans

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9
Q

How are minerals transported in the body?

A

They are bound to plasma or specific transport proteins

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10
Q

What regulates tissue uptake of minerals?

A

Hormones regulate it

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11
Q

How are minerals found in the body?

A

Free ions in body fluids: Electrolytes
Bound to other minerals as salts: Hydroxyapatite
Bound to organic compounds like proteins: Hemoglobin

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12
Q

Which minerals are considered major minerals?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Potassium
Sodium
Magnesium
Chloride
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13
Q

Which minerals are considered trace minerals?

A 
Iron
Copper
Zinc
Iodine
Selenium
Manganese
Molybdenum
Fluoride
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14
Q

What are the Functions of Calcium?

A

Bone

Cell Signaling: stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum, released for clotting and muscle contraction

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15
Q

What is the RDA for Calcium?

A

4-8yrs: 1000mg/d
9-18 yrs: 1300mg/d
19-50yrs: 1000mg/d
>50yrs: 1200mg/d

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16
Q

What are some of the best sources of Calcium,?

A

Dairy, non dairy milk, low-oxalate greens: kale, broccoli

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17
Q

What is a deficiency of Calcium called and how does it present?

A

Hypocalcemia; tetany, osteoporosis

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18
Q

What is a toxicity of Calcium called and how does it present?

A

Hypercalcemia; calcification of soft tissues, hallucinogens, constipation
watch for parathyroid tumors in older patients

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19
Q

What mineral absorption may be impacted by hypercalcemia and how?

A

Decreased absorption of iron, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc

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20
Q

What are the functions of Phosphorus?

A 
Bone
Phosphate in ATP
cAMP
Phospholipids
DNA & RNA
Buffer
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21
Q

What are some good sources of Phosphorus?

A

animal producs, dairy, eggs

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22
Q

What is a deficiency of Phosphorus called and how does it present?

A

Hypophosphatemia; bone loss in those consuming large amounts of aluminum-containing antacids

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23
Q

What is a toxicity of Phosphorus called and how does it present?

A

Hyperphosphatemia; bone resportion when Ca:P ratio is <1 for a significant amount of time leads to nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

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24
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium?

A

Bone
Muscle relaxation (calcium channel blocker)
Cofactor for 300 enzymes using ATP (stabilizes ATP)

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25
Q

What are some good sources of Magnesium?

A

Nuts, seeds, legumes, seafood

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26
Q

What is a deficiency of Magnesium called and how does it present?

A

Hypomagnesemia; muscle weakness, cramps, headaches

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27
Q

What is a toxicity of Magnesium called and how does it present?

A

No toxicity from foods; supplements & meds cause slurred speech and diarrhea

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28
Q

What are the functions of sodium?

A

Water balance(MAJOR CATION IN ECF), muscle action(Na+/K+ pumps), nutrient absorption

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29
Q

What are the main sources of sodium?

A

Table salt, cured meats, canned soup

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30
Q

What is a deficiency of sodium called and how does it present?

A

Hyponatremia; muscle cramps, seizures (can be caused by head trauma)

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31
Q

What is a toxicity of sodium called and how does it present?

A

Hypernatremia; hypertension, edema, excessive calcium excretion causing hypocalcemia

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32
Q

What are the functions of Potassium?

A

Water balance (MAJOR CATION IN ICF), muscle action (Na+/K+ pumps), insulin release from beta cells, blood pressure

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33
Q

What are some good sources of potassium?

A

Sweet potatoes, banana, avocado, dairy

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34
Q

What is a deficiency of potassium called and how does it present?

A

Hypokalemia; arrhythmia, muscle weakness

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35
Q

What is a toxicity of potassium called and how does it present?

A

Hyperkalemia: arrhythmia

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36
Q

What are the functions of Chloride?

A

water balance (MAJOR ANION IN ECF), HCl in digestion, chloride shift in RBC during respiration

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37
Q

What are good sources of Chloride?

A

table salt, cured meats, canned soup

38
Q

What is a deficiency of chloride called/result in?

A

Metabolic Alkalosis

39
Q

What is a chloride toxicity called/result in?

A

None, it doesn’t exist

40
Q

What are the functions of Iron?

A

Oxygen transport, cofactor for enzymes (catalase), part of cytochromes

41
Q

What is a good source of heme iron?

42
Q

What are good sources of non-heme iron and what else is required?

A

Plants & Supplements (also require Vitamin C)

43
Q

What is the Iron RDA for males & postmenopausal females?

44
Q

What is the Iron RDA for females of childbearing age?

45
Q

What is the #1 nutritional deficiency in the US?

A

Iron deficiency

46
Q

What is characteristic of Iron deficiency?

A

may be with or without microcytic hypochromic anemia, fatigue, pallor

47
Q

What is characteristic of Iron toxicity?

A

fatal in large quantities, nausea/vomiting

48
Q

What is a genetic condition involving excess Iron?

A

Hemochromatosis

49
Q

Which Iron binding proteins are found in the SI, Liver, Spleen and bone marrow?

50
Q

What is the function of Ferritin?

A

Iron Stores

51
Q

Which Iron binding protein is only found in the SI?

A

Ferroportin

52
Q

What is the function of Ferroportin?

A

Transports Iron across the basolateral membrane

requires Cu

53
Q

Which Iron binding protein is responsible for transporting iron in the plasma?

A

Transferrin

54
Q

What are the functions of Zinc?

A

Cofactor for growth processes, protein metabolism, immune system, taste, CYTOSOLIC superoxide dismutase (SOD1 & SOD3)

55
Q

What are the sources of Zinc?

A

OYSTERS, meat, legumes(contain phytate)

56
Q

What is characteristic of a Zinc deficiency?

A

stunted growth, impaired taste, poor wound healing, decreased immune function
Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

57
Q

What can occur with Zinc toxicity?

A

decreased copper absorption

58
Q

What are the functions of Copper?

A

part of CERULOPLASMIN(transport iron out of the enterocyte), cofactor for SOD1 & SOD3, part of cytochrome c oxidase

59
Q

What are good sources of Copper?

A

OYSTERS, Cocoa

60
Q

What is associated with a Copper deficiency?

A

Menkes’ Disease

61
Q

What is associated with a Copper toxicity?

A

Wilson’s disease, Kayser-Fleisher rings, liver damage

62
Q

What functions is Iodine involved with?

A

Thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)

63
Q

What are good sources of Iodine?

A

Seafood, Iodized Salt

64
Q

True or False: Salt in processed food is commonly iodized?

65
Q

What are the symptoms of an Iodine deficiency?

A

goiter, cretinism, mental impairment, hypo-/ hyperthyroidism

66
Q

What is the #1 cause of preventable brain damage in the world?

A

Iodine deficiency

67
Q

What are the symptoms of an Iodine toxicity?

A

iodine-excess goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hypothyroidism, elevated TSH

68
Q

What are the functions of Selenium?

A

Cofactor for glutathione peroxidase, conversion of T4 to T3, part of selenoproteins

69
Q

What are some good sources of Selenium?

A

BRAZIL NUTS, anything from the ground

70
Q

What is generally associated with a Selenium deficiency?

A

oxidative stress in the thyroid

71
Q

What is it called when a Selenium deficiency produces cardiomyopathy?

A

Keshan Disease

72
Q

What is it called when a Selenium deficiency produces joint deficiency?

A

Kashin-Bek disease

73
Q

What is commonly associated with Selenium toxicity?

A

hair loss and joint pain

74
Q

What are the functions of manganese?

A

Cofactor for bone and carb metabolism may be used instead of magnesium by some enzymes

75
Q

What general group of foods is a good source of manganese?

76
Q

What is associated with a manganese deficiency?

A

Impaired growth

77
Q

What usually causes a manganese toxicity?

A

Inhalation by miners

78
Q

What symptoms may be seen with a manganese toxicity?

A

Seizures & Memory loss

79
Q

What are the functions of Chromium?

A

Insulin release & action (part of glucose tolerance factor)

80
Q

What are common sources of Chromium?

A

Brewer’s Yeast, grains

81
Q

What symptom may indicate a chromium deficiency?

A

Impaired blood sugar regulation

82
Q

Toxicity due to supplements of Chromium may damage what structures/organs?

A

Nerves, Kidneys and Liver

83
Q

What are the functions of Molybdenum?

A

Cofactor for many enzymes: Xanthine Oxidase; Involved with purine metabolism during repurfusion injury

84
Q

What are sources of molybdenum?

A

Organ Meats, dairy, grains

85
Q

True or False: It is unlikely to have a molybdenum deficiency?

86
Q

What is associated with molybdenum toxicity and how does it occur?

A

Gout, from supplements

87
Q

What tissues/structures is Fluoride important for?

A

Bones/Teeth

88
Q

What are common sources of Fluoride?

A

Fluoridated water, toothpaste, tea (natural)

89
Q

What is associated with fluoride deficiency?

A

Dental carries (Cavities)

90
Q

What is associated with Fluoride toxicity?

A

Fluorosis, bone pitting

Nutrition Final Exam (2 decks)

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