Vitamins Flashcards
Vitamin classification based on solubility
Fat soluble: A,D,E,K
Water soluble: C and the Bs
Vitamin A
Protiamin: Beta- carotene Vit A1: retinol Vit A2: 3-dehydroretinol - production of rhodopsin - found in animal sources - get beta-catotene from plants - deficiency results in nyctalopia and follicular hyperkratosis - cataracs - can be toxic: lethargy, hair loss,headache, brittle nails, bone pain, blurred vision
Vitamins
chemically unrelated families of substances that cannot be synthesized by humans
- mainly supplied by the diet
Vitamin D
D2: ergocalciferol
D3: Cholecalciferol
- sunlight converts vitamin D in the skin
- regulated calcium and phosphorus metabolism
- Deficiency: results in a decreased absporption of calcium and phosphorus
- causes rickets (deficency)
- usually from long term use or excessive self-medication
-nausea, vomiting, headache, lung and cause hypercalcemia
- measired with chemiluminescent immunoassay
Vitamin E
tocopherols, Alpha Tocopherol shows the greatest activity
- syntehsized by plants
- most potent fat-soluble antioxidant
- keeps LDL in the blood
- inhibits nitrosamines
- plays a role in anticoagulation
- deficiency can caused premature and low birth-weights due to poor plancetal transfer
- can cause edema and hemolytic anemia
- toxicity is due to supplementation
- can cause GI symptoms and impairblood coagulation
Vitamin K
K1: phylloquinones (plants)
K2: menaquinones (bacteria)
K3: menadione (K3)
- promote clotting, required for the converstion of several clotting factors and prothrombin
- given to babies to prevent hemmoragic disease
- deficency is high risk for newborns
- prolonged antibiotics can cause decreased intestinal flora
- more prone to bleeding with deficiency
- toxicity: no ill effects
Vitamin C
absorbic acid (90%) and dehydroascorbic acid (10%)
- most animals produce their own from glucose
- found in a lot of foods
- one of the most effecive water soluble axidants
- needed to build and maintain bone matrix, collagen and connective tissue
- important in wound healing, infection resistance, removal of iron from ferritin
- efficiency can cause scurvy which develops due to the inability to form adequate connective tissue
- toxicity: diarrhea and abdominal bloating, could lead to kidney stone formation, or cardiac arythmias
Thiamin
Vit B 1
- cofactor enzymed involved in AA and carb. metabolism
- serves as a catalyst in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA
- can cause beriberi ( nervous system affects and cardiovascular issues in Wet)
- Wernicke-karasakoff syndrome: vit deficency that causes abnormal eye movements, gait abnormalities, loss of mental functions. usually seen in alcoholics. can have permanent damage
- deficiency can be caused by lots of tea and coffee and fish
Riboflavin
vit B2
- constituent of FAD and FMN
- critical for metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protiens
- usually occurs with other B vit deficiency
- symptoms of deficencys inculde
sore throat, angular stomatitis, glossitis, moist scaly skin inflammation
Pantothenic acid
synthesized by microorganisms and plants
- widley distributed in foods
- constituent of Coenzyme A required for the synthesis and Beta oxudation of fatty acids
- synthesis of cholesterol and oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates
- deficiencies are rare but can cause irratibilty and burning feet syndrome
- preferred to have whole blood over the plasma for testing
niacin
nicotinic acid and nicotinamide
- involved in cellular respiration ; part of NAD and NADP
- essential for a wide variety of body metabolisms
- large doses are used to lower triglycerides and increase HDL
- made in the liver
- deficency: pellagra people who eat corn, 4 D’s
- toxicity: massive doses can cause vasodilation of the skin along with stinging and burning of face and hands
Vit B 6
pyridoxine, pryoxamine, pyridoxal
- role in AA metabolism, gluconeogenesis, neurotransmitter synthesis, immine function and steroid hormone modulation
- necessary for the conversion of tryptophan
- def. rare; can cause stomatitis, glositis, epliteptiform convulsions
Biotin
cofactor for carboxylation reactions
- necessary for the metabolism for fats and proteins
- produced by intestinal bacteria
- rare symp. include anorexia, nausea, dermatitis, glossitis, depression
Folic acid
Folate
- found in green leafies
- important for synthesis of nucleotides of RNA and DNA
- needed for normal RBC production
- lowers homocystine
- adequate levels needed for proper neural tube development in pregnant women
B 12
Cyancobalamin
- deep red compound, contains cobalt
- found in animal sources only
- absorbed in the intestine by IF
- involved in the reduction of ribonucleotides, deoxynucleotides and the metabolism of fatty acids
- deficiency can cause megoblastic anemia and neuropathy
