Kidney

Question 1

nephron

Answer 1

functional unit of the nephron

• where the waste excretion and maintenance of water occurs
• about 1 million in the kidney

Question 2

afferent arteriole

Answer 2

entry of blood into the nephron

Question 3

glomerulus

Answer 3

a capullary bed that exctracts stuff from the blood

- is selective through pressure, charge, and shape of cells

Question 4

efferent arteriole

Answer 4

where the blood leaves the nephron

Question 5

bowmans capsule

Answer 5

extracts things like water, sodium, glucose out of the blood

Question 6

proximal tubule

Answer 6

involved in reabsorption of some things in the filtrate

- sodium, glucose, water, AA, chloride

Question 7

loop of henle

Answer 7

• makes the medulla salty, actively pumps out salts in the ascending portion of the loop of henle
• absorbs water in the descending part of it.

Question 8

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 8

more re absorption of calcium, sodium, ect.

• a little more water
• filtrate then moves into the collecting ducts where it is sent to the ureters.

Question 9

renal function

Answer 9

excretory and reabsorbative
endocrine
electrolyte and water hemostasis

Question 10

excretatory function of the kidneys

Answer 10

rid the body of undesirable products

- excrete urea, uric acid, creatinine, creatine, AA amonia, nucleotides, purines, polypeptides, and glutathione

Question 11

GFR

Answer 11

glomerular filtration rate

• blood flitered per minute
• helps evaluate renal function and the fucntion of the nephrons
• can be used to monitor the progress of a kidney disease

Question 12

endocrine function

Answer 12

endocrine gland produced hormones

• erythropoietin (acts on E progenitor cells increases RBC)
• prostaglandins and thromboxanes( increased blood flow, salt and water)
• renin(vasoconstrictor to rise blood pressure)

Question 13

creatinine clearance test

Answer 13

endogenous, practical to preform, and is a standard lab test for determining early renal failure

Question 14

micro albumin

Answer 14

important for the testing of diabetes mellitus

• type 1 and type 2 both around 30%
• can spill out due to renal hyper trophy, hyperfunction, and increased thickness of the glomerular and tubular basement membrane
• profession to glomerulosclerosis with increase glomerular capillary permeability

Question 15

low molecular weight protien testing

Answer 15

A2- microglobulin, A1- microglobulin, retinol binding protein, Cystine C

• all have the potential to be markers for GFR
• most interesting is Cystine C

Question 16

Proteinuria

Answer 16

increase amount of protein in the urine

• strong correlation between degree and rate of progression of renal failure
• prominent risk marker for progression of renal disease

Question 17

non protein nitrogenous metabolite elimination

Answer 17

found in the body as breakdown products of nucleic acids, amino acids, and proteins

• 3 pricipal substances
• • urea, creatinine, and uric acid

Question 18

pre renal causes of metabolite elimination

Answer 18

decreased flow to kidneys

• factors causing congestive heart failure, shock, hemorrhage, and dehydration
• azotemia= elevated urea

Question 19

renal causes of metab. elimination

Answer 19

renal causes of increased urea

• decreased renal function
• acute and chronic renal failure
• glomerular nephritis
• tubular necrosis

Question 20

post renal causes

Answer 20

decreased causes of increased urea

• decreased urine flow
• • stones, tumors or severe infection

Question 21

creatinine disease correlation

Answer 21

• elevated creatinine levels associated with abnormal renal function
• may not be abnormal until 50% is deteriorated

Question 22

BUN/Creatinine ratio

Answer 22

increased in conditions with increased urea synthesis
- blood GI tract, muscle wasting disease, severe tissue trauma, dehydration, decreased cardiac output
decreased in chronic glomerulonephritis with protein deficiency, severe hepatic insufficency and starvation

Question 23

uric acid

Answer 23

final breakdowb of purine metabolism

• filtured by the glomerulus
• increased in Gout, increased nuclear breakdown and renal disease

Question 24

acute renal failure

Answer 24

• excretetory function declines over hours or days can be reverse with proper treatment

Question 25

Chronic kidney disease

Answer 25

more likely to progress to ESRD
- acute kidney damage
 4 stages:
1. silent deterioration
2. slight insufficency
3. impending renal failure
4. symptoms of uremic syndrome
- maine cayses diabetes, renal vascular disease, glomerulonephritis