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MCP Unit 8 > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid soluble vitamins

A
  • A, D, K, E

- Deficiencies don’t arise as quickly and toxicity may be a problem

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2
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A
  • B vitamins and vitamin C

- Deficiencies arise more quickly and less likely to be toxic

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3
Q

Vitamin A Functions

A

-Visual cycle (rhodopsins and cone opsins), glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharide synthesis, retinoic acid, antioxidant

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4
Q

Vitamin A Deficiency signs

A
  • Night blindness
  • Xerophthamia
  • Follicular hyperkeratosis
  • Anemia
  • Poor growth
  • Increased susceptibility to infection and cancer
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5
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A
  • Accumulates in the liver

- Nausea, diarrhea, bone pain, scaly skin, orange tint of skin

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6
Q

Vitamin A family

A
  • All trans retinol

- Includes carotenoids that are pro-vitamins

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7
Q

Vitamin D Functions

A
  • Maintain bone
  • Calcium homeostasis
  • Acts as a hormone
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8
Q

Vitamin D Deficiency

A
  • Rickets in children
  • Osteomalacia in adults
  • Increased susceptibility to some cancers
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9
Q

Synthesis of Vitamin D

A
  • Requires skin, liver, and kidney
  • 7-dehydrocholesterol–>Cholecalciferol–>25-hydroxycholecalciferol–>1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol
  • Active D3=Calcitrol
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10
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A
  • Rare

- Leads to high serum levels of calcium and bone loss

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11
Q

Vitamin D and Cancer

A

-Low serum vitamin D levels correlated with increased risk of breast cancer

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12
Q

Vitamin K Function

A
  • Localization of enzymes required for blood clotting

- Catalyzes addition of gamma-carboxyglutamate to clotting enzymes

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13
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

-Easy bruising, bleeding, hemorrhage

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14
Q

Vitamin K synthesis

A
  • Involves bacteria in gut

- This is why newborns may be vitamin K deficient

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15
Q

Vitamin E function

A
  • Antioxidant: scavenges free radicals
  • Protects membranes from damage
  • Prevents oxidation of LDL
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16
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A
  • Cardiovascular disease

- Neurological symptoms

17
Q

Vitamin E family

A

-Closely related to tocopherols and tocotrienols

18
Q

Vitamin C function

A
  • Ascorbic acid
  • Cofactor for oxidases involved in collagen formation (hydroxylation of proline and lysine)
  • Required for synthesis of steroids in stress response
  • Aids iron absorption
  • Has antioxidant activity
19
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A
  • Bruising
  • Immunocompromised
  • Scuvy (decreased wound healing, osteoporosis, hemorrhage, anemia, fatigue)
20
Q

Characteristics of scurvy

A
  • Corkscrew hairs
  • Pinpoint hemorrhages
  • Periodontal disease
21
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A
  • Rare
  • GI upset
  • Kidney stones
22
Q

Energy releasing B vitamins

A
  • B1: Thiamine
  • B2: Riboflavin
  • B3: Niacin
  • B5: Pantothenic acid
  • B6: Pyroxidine
  • B7: Biotin
23
Q

Hematopoietic B vitamins

A
  • B9: Folate

- B12: Cobalamin

24
Q

Common effects of deficiencies in energy releasing B vitamins

A
  • Dermatitis
  • Swollen red tongue: glossitis
  • Diarrhea
  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Depression, confusion
  • Lack of coordination
  • Malaise
25
Q

B1 Functions

A
  • Thiamine
  • Precursor of TPP
  • Required cofactor for several enzymes in cellular energy metabolism
  • Critical in nervous system
26
Q

B1 Deficiency

A
  • GI, depression, fatigue
  • Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
  • Beriberi
27
Q

Three enzymes that use TPP in metabolism

A
  • Transketolase/transaldolase
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase
  • alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
28
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A
  • Thiamine deficiency seen in chronic alcoholics
  • Mental disturbance, unsteady gate, uncoordinated eye movements
  • Occasionally congestive heart failure
29
Q

Beriberi

A
  • Very severe thiamine deficiency
  • Extreme muscle weakness
  • Poly-neuropathy
  • Heart failure
  • Sometimes edema (wet and dry beriberi exist)
30
Q

B2 Function

A
  • Riboflavin
  • Precursor of FAD and FMN
  • Key coenzyme for redox reactions in metabolism
31
Q

B2 Deficiency

A
  • Ariboflavinosis–rash around nose, inflammation of mouth and tongue, burning and itchy eyes, light sensitivity
  • Alcoholics get it sometimes but it’s pretty rare
32
Q

B3 Function

A
  • Niacin
  • Precursor of NAD and NADP coenzymes important in redox reactions of energy metabolism
  • Given to patients with hypercholesterolemia or hypertriglyceridemia
33
Q

B3 Deficiency

A
  • Pellagra: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
  • People with corn or millet based diets are susceptible
  • Treat with tryptophan or niacin supplementation
34
Q

B7 Function

A
  • Biotin

- Coenzyme for some carboxylases

35
Q

B7 Deficiency

A
  • Rare

- Can be caused by eating a lot of rare eggs (contain avidin–binds biotin tightly)

36
Q

B5 function

A
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Required for synthesis of CoA
  • Required for TCA cycle and metabolism of all fats and proteins
37
Q

B5 Deficiency

A
  • Very rare

- Typical B vitamin deficiency symptoms

38
Q

B6 Function

A
  • Pyridoxine
  • Precursor of pyridoxyl phosphate (PLP) enzyme cofactor
  • Required for glycogen breakdown and synthesis of GABA and heme
39
Q

B6 Deficiency

A
  • Mild irritability, nervousness, depression
  • Peripheral neuropathy, convulsions, decreased glucose tolerance, hyperhomocystenemia, anemia
  • People treated with isoniazid are susceptible

MCP Unit 8 (8 decks)

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