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MCP Unit 8 > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

B9 Functions

A
  • Folate

- Precursor of tetrahydrofolate, coenzyme involved in generating precursors for DNA and protein synthesis

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2
Q

B9 Deficiency

A
  • Folate
  • Neural tube defects
  • Macrocytic anemia
  • Hyperhomocysteinemia
  • Decreases availability of purines and dTMP inhibiting DNA synthesis
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3
Q

B12 Function

A
  • Cobalamin
  • Coenzyme in methionine synthesis and in conversion of methylmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA
  • Folate metabolism
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4
Q

B12 Deficiency

A
  • Cobalamin
  • Pernicious anemia (megaloblastic anemia with demyelination
  • Can arise from deficiency in intrinsic factor
  • Can be stored efficiently in liver
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5
Q

Absorption of B12

A
  • Released from protein by acid hydrolysis in stomach

- Then binds to intrinsic factor to be absorbed by ileum

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6
Q

B9/B12 connection

A

-In the absence of vitamin B12, B9 becomes trapped in a form that cannot be used for purine and dTMP synthesis

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7
Q

Cause of macrocytic anemias

A
  • Deficiency in nucleotides leads to decreased DNA and RNA synthesis
  • Cells increase in size without dividing
  • Do not carry sufficient oxygen
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8
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

-Lack of intrinsic factor

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9
Q

Macrominerals important for fluid homeostasis

A

-Potassium, sodium, chloride

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10
Q

Calcium function

A

-Bone, signaling, coagulation, muscle contraction, neurotransmission

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11
Q

Calcium deficiency

A

-Muscle cramps, osteoporosis, rickets

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12
Q

Calcium distribution in the body

A
  • 98% is in bone and teeth in the form of hydroxyapatite
  • Bone is the body’s calcium reservoir
  • 2% is in the rest of the body
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13
Q

Magnesium functions

A
  • Essential for enzymes that use MgATP as substrate

- Present at high levels in bone, required for formation

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14
Q

Magnesium deficiency

A
  • Weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

- Required for many transporters that requires MgATP or MgADP as substrate.

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15
Q

Phosphorus functions

A
  • Mostly present in phosphates
  • Major component of bone (hydroxyapatite)
  • Part of nucleic acids, membrane lipids
  • Required in all energy-producing reactions
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16
Q

Phosphorus deficiency

A
  • Rare

- Rickets, muscle weakness, muscle breakdown, seizure

17
Q

Iron functions

A
  • O2/CO2 transport in hemoglobin
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
  • Cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes
18
Q

Iron deficiency

A
  • Microcytic anemia

- Decreased immunity

19
Q

Reduction of iron

A
  • Fe3 reduced to Fe2 by vitamin C
  • Low pH released Fe3 from ligands
  • Usually bound to carriers
20
Q

Two major barriers of iron absorption

A
  • Release of Fe3 from food

- Availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3 to Fe2

21
Q

Transferrin

A

-Iron transport

22
Q

Ferritin

A

-Iron storage

23
Q

Hepcidin

A
  • Signals iron sufficiency

- Prevents export of Fe2 from the duodenal mucosal cell by downregulating the exporter

24
Q

Iron toxicity

A
  • Long term: hemochromatosis- iron overload leads to iron deposits in tissues and lactic acidosis due to compromised mitochondrial function
  • Acute: iron overdose in children
  • Can replace other metals in reactions
25
Q

Copper functions

A
  • Assists iron absorption through ceruloplasmin
  • Cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, FA metabolism, and elimination of ROS
  • Helps iron bind transferrin for distribution
26
Q

Copper deficiency

A
  • Rare
  • Anemia, hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization, demyelination
  • Menkes’ syndrome or consuming zinc makes patients more susceptible
27
Q

Menkes disease

A
  • Mutations in Cu transporter ATP7A
  • Presents as a copper-deficiency disorder
  • Many enzymes secreted without copper
28
Q

Wilson’s disease

A
  • Mutations in ATP7B
  • Results in copper overload
  • Liver failure and liver cancer
29
Q

Zinc function

A
  • Cofactor for over 300 metalloenzymes

- Structural role in many proteins (zinc fingers)

30
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

-Poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth, impaired sexual development in children

31
Q

Chromium function

A

-Component of chromodulin: facilitates insulin binding to its receptor

32
Q

Chromium deficiency

A

-Impaired glucose tolerance

33
Q

Iodine function

A
  • Incorporated into T3 and T4

- Regulates basal metabolic rate

34
Q

Iodine deficiency

A
  • Goiter

- Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism

35
Q

Selenium function

A
  • Component of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase)

- Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4 metabolism

36
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

-Keshan disease: in areas with little selenium in soil

MCP Unit 8 (8 decks)

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