vitamins

Question 1

B1 thiamine

Answer 1

-needed for thiamine pryophosphate TPP

Question 2

B2 riboflavin

Answer 2

FAD, FMN

Question 3

B3 niacin

Answer 3

NAD+

Question 4

B5 pantothenic acid

Answer 4

CoA

Question 5

B6 pyridoxine

Answer 5

PLP (pyridoxal phosphate transamination)

Question 6

B7 biotin

Answer 6

adds 1 c groups

-needed in pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl coA carboxylase m propionyl coA carboxylase

Question 7

B9 folate

Answer 7

1 carbon transfer.methylatation reactions

synthesis of nitrogenous bases in DNA and RNA

Question 8

B12 cobalamin

Answer 8

cofactor for homocysteine methyltransferase

transfers CH3 groups on methylcobalamin and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase

Question 9

use viatmin A to treat

Answer 9

-meases, AML

Question 10

Name 4 enzymes that use thiamine pryophosphate

Answer 10

pyruvate dehydrogenase
aketoglutarate dehydrogenase
transketolase
branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Question 11

dry beriberi

Answer 11

polyneuritis, symmetricla muscle wasting

Question 12

wet beriberi

Answer 12

highoutput cardiac failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, edema

Question 13

vitamin B2 riboflavin is needed for FAD and FMN name a reaction that uses FAD

Answer 13

succinate dehydrogenase in TCA

Question 14

what are some symptoms of B2 riboflavin deficiency?

Answer 14

cheliosis (inflammation of lips, scaling and fissures at the corners of the mouth), corneal vascularization

Question 15

The symptoms of pellagra

Answer 15

• diarrhea
• dementia
• dermatitis

Question 16

Vitamin B3 niacin

Answer 16

constituent of NAD and NADP+

• derived from tryptophan
• synthesis requires B2 (riboflavin) and B3 (pyridoxine)
• used to treat dyslipidemia, lowers levels of VLDL and raises levels of HDL

Deficiency:
glossitis
pellagra (which can be cause by hartnup disease (loss of tryptophan absorption, malignant carcidnoid syndrome increased tryptophan metabolism, and iosoniazin (it decreases vitamin B6).

excess:
flushing, hyperurecemia and hyperglycemia

Question 17

Vitamin B5 patothenate

Answer 17

essentila for CoA
which is needed for acyl transfers and fatty acid synthase

deficiency: demratitis, enteritis, alopecia, adrenal inssuficency

Question 18

Vitamin B6 pyridoxine

Answer 18

• converted to pyridoxial phosphate PLP
• needed for transamination, glycogen phosphorylase and decarboxylation reactions.

synthesisi of :
cystathione, heme, niacin, histamine, and neurotransmitters including serotonin, epinepjrine, norepi, GABA

deficiency:
convulsions, hyperirritabilty, peripheral neuropathy, sideroblastic anemias due to impaired hemoglobin synthesis and iron excess

Question 19

Vitamin B7 biotin

Answer 19

cofactor for carboxylation reactions
pyruvate carboxylase coverts pyrucate 3c to oxaloacetate 4c
-acetyl coa carboxylase - acetyl coA to malonyl coA
propionyl coA carboxylase - propionyl coa A to methylmalonyl coA

deficieny - rare, can be caused by antibiotic use or excessive ingestion of raw egss as avidin in eggs whites avidly binds to biotin

Question 20

LAbs for folate B9 deficiency

Answer 20

increased homocysteine

normal methylmalonic acid

Question 21

labs for B12 cobalamin deficiency

Answer 21

increased serum homocysteine and methylmalonic acid

Question 22

vitamin C

Answer 22

• antioxidant
• facilitates iron absorption by reducing it to Fe2+ state
• necessary for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis
• necessary for Dopamine beta hydroxylase which DA to NE

Question 23

ethanol metabolism causes increased NADH/NAD+ ration in the liver causing

Answer 23

• pyruvate to lactate
• oxaloacetate to malate (prevents gluconeogenesis)
• glyceradehyde 3-phosphate to glycerol 3-phosphate (combines with fatty acids to make TG –> hepatostosis)
• disafavors TCA production of NADH so acetyl coA is used for ketogenesis –> ketoacidosis and lipgenesis –> hepatosteatosis

Question 24

Fomepizole

Answer 24

inhibits alcohol dehydrogenas and is an antidote for methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning.

Question 25

disulfam

Answer 25

inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

-acetaldehyde accumulates –> hangover symptoms