Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Feeds & Rations > Vitamins > Flashcards

Vitamins Flashcards

0
Q

Grazing animals can get what vitamins from where?

A
  • D from skin synthesis during sun exposure
  • A and E from green forages
  • Most grazing animals require no vitamin supplementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What vitamins do ruminants not require and why?

A

B vitamins and vitamin K because they can be synthesized by microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What animals require vitamin supplementation?

A

Swine and poultry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which vitamins are fat soluble?

A

ADEK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What role does vitamin A play in the body?

A

Essential for vision as components of visual pigments and nerve impulses via the optic nerve

Essential for synthesis of glycoproteins (constituents of cell membranes, connective tissues, and mucous secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Vitamin A deficiency symptoms

A

Blindness, abnormal bone growth, degeneration of mucous membranes, impaired growth, and reproductive defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is B carotene and what vitamin is it associated with?

A

Vitamin A
Two molecules of vitamin A bound together, must be split by an enzyme that carnivores don’t produce, found in green plant tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Beside B carotene, what are two other forms or vitamin A?

A

Vitamin A Alcohol: retinol
Fulfills all functions of vitamin A

Vitamin A Acid: retinoic acid
Fulfills all functions of vitamin A except vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Vitamin A is susceptible to destruction by ____________.

A

Oxidation
Pelleting and feed storage
Rancidity
Ruminanal fermentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sources of vitamin A

A

Green feeds, dehydrated forages, and yellow corn

Synthetic sources: retinol acetate, propionate, and palmitate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Vitamin A toxicity symptoms

A

Toxic levels are 4-10x the nutritional requirement in non-ruminants and 10x in ruminants

Symptoms: skeletal malformation, reduced growth, conjunctivitis (yellow eye gunk due to bacteria) and reproductive failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the two major forms vitamin D occurs in?

A 
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) plant sterol
Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) animal sterol
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Sun cured forages (only active after cells die) and fish liver oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vitamin D does not to be supplemented if ____________.

A

There is adequate sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What impairs the absorption of vitamin D?

A

Aflatoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the role of vitamin D in the body?

A

Regulates the absorption of calcium from the intestine by regulating synthesis of calcium binding protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vitamin D requirements by species

A

Llama: intense sunlight exposure in Andes, require vitamin D

African mole rat: spends life underground, no vitamin D requirement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vitamin E works with selenium to…

A

Prevent cell membrane breakdown by oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

A
  • muscular distrophy in most species
  • swine and rats: liver necrosis
  • rats: fetal resorption
  • poultry: encephlomalacia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Forms of vitamin E

A

Alpha tocopherol acetate: highest potency, stable, only acts as antioxidant if hydrolyzed in the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sources of vitamin E

A

Green forages, hay, alfalfa meal, cereal grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does vitamin K do in the body?

A

Essential in activating prothrombin for blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is prothrombin and what vitamin is is associated with?

A

Vitamin K

Plasma proteins, activated to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What vitamin can be synthesized by ruminal and intestinal microbes?

A

Vitamin K

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

True or false. Vitamin K must be supplemented for swine and poultry.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What role do B vitamins play in the body?

A

Function as cofactors of enzymes in energy metabolism

27
Q

Why is toxicity of B vitamins rare?

A

They’re water soluble.

28
Q

Where are B vitamins synthesized?

A

In the rumen of ruminants

29
Q

What is vitamin B1 and what is its role in the body?

A

Thiamin
Functions in enzymes involved in decarboxylation reactions such as the conversion of pyruvate to acetate - build up hurts nervous system

30
Q

Thiamine deficiency

A 
Impaired carbohydrate metabolism
Anorexia
Convulsions
Paralysis
Reduced heart rate
Subnormal body temperature
31
Q

True or false. Most feeds contain adequate thiamin.

A

True.

32
Q

What is the cause of most thiamin deficiencies?

A

Results from the destruction of thiamin in the diet or digestive tract
-thiaminases split thiamin and destroy activity

33
Q

Where are thiaminases found and with what vitamin are they associated?

A

Thiamin; found in carp, bracken fern, horsetail, and some bacteria

34
Q

What vitamin is polioencephlomalacia associated with?

A

Thiamin

35
Q

What is vitamin B2 and what is its role in the body?

A

Riboflavin

Acts as a cofactor of enzymes FAD and FMN which are involved in energy metabolism

36
Q

True or false. Riboflavin is likely to be deficient in swine and poultry diets.

A

True

37
Q

Riboflavin deficiency symptoms

A 
Curled toe paralysis in chicks
Reduced egg production and hatchability
Skin lesions
Reduced growth
Reproductive failure
38
Q

What is B3 and what is it’s role in the body?

A

Niacin

Functions as a cofactor of NAD and NADP involved in energy metabolism

39
Q

Does niacin have a low or high bioavailability in grains? Why or why not?

A

Low bioavailability because it binds to amino acids

40
Q

Niacin deficiency symptoms

A

Pellagra : characterized by fiery red tongue, dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea
Leg problems in poultry

41
Q

Forms of Niacin

A

Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid

42
Q

Niacin supplementation in ruminant diets

A

Improves growth and milk production

Prevents ketosis in dairy cattle

43
Q

What is ketosis and the supplementation of what vitamin prevents it?

A

Niacin
Happens in early lactation when cow has high energy demands that can’t be met be DMI so fat is mobilized and glucogenesis is performed, as fat is mobilized, blood fatty acid level increase and live converts FAs to ketone bodies

44
Q

Signs of ketosis

A

First: reduced feed intake

Anorexia, pica, abnormal licking, incoordination, abnormal gait

45
Q

What is vitamin B5 and what is its role in the body?

A

Pantothenic Acid

Metabolic role in coenzyme A

46
Q

Pantothenic Acid bioavailability

A

High in barley, wheat, and soybean meal

Low in corn and sorghum

47
Q

Symptoms of Pantothenic Acid deficiency

A

Reduced growth, dermatitis, neurological problems such as goose stepping gait in pigs

48
Q

What is vitamin B6 and what is its role in the body?

A

Pyridoxine

Role in protein metabolism - AA interconversion and decarboxylation

49
Q

T/F. Pyridoxine is unlikely to be deficient in swine and poultry diets because it is adequate in grains and plant protein sources.

A

True

50
Q

Pyridoxine deficiency symptoms

A

Convulsions, dermatitis, impaired reproduction

51
Q

What is vitamin B7 and what is its role in the body?

A

Biotin

Involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism - decarboxylation and fatty acid synthesis

52
Q

Bioavailability of biotin

A

Low in wheat

53
Q

Deficiency symptoms of biotin

A

NR R and horses

  • dermatitis - hoof cracks/lesions
  • cracks in foot pad
  • poor growth
  • loss of hair/feathers
  • poor reproduction
54
Q

Synthetic biotin

A

Is expensive and destroyed by rancidity

55
Q

What is vitamin B9 and what is its role in the body?

A

Folic Acid

Synthesis of hemoglobin

56
Q

Deficiency symptoms of Folic Acid

A

Anemia

Supplementation can enhance pig reproduction

57
Q

What is vitamin B12 and what is its role in the body?

A

Cyanocobalamin

RBC formation and involved in propionic acid metabolism

58
Q

T/F. Cyanocobalamin does occur in plants and must not be supplemented for swine and poultry.

A

False

Does not / must be

59
Q

Deficiency symptoms of cyanocobalamin

A

Anemia and poor growth

60
Q

How is vitamin B12 made?

A

Synthesized by microflora in ruminants; requires cobalt

61
Q

What animals require vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and why?

A

Primates, guinea pigs, some exotics and fish species

Species lack L-gulonolactone oxidases, necessary for synthesis of ascorbic acid from glucose

62
Q

Domestic livestock can benefit form this vitamin.

A

Vitamin C

Improves egg shell quality and increases resistance to heat

63
Q

Ascorbic acid deficiency symptoms

A

Scurvy: weakness, anemia, bruising, bleeding gums, and loose teeth

64
Q

Considered a vitamin even though it’s not a dietary essential

A

Choline

65
Q

What does choline do in the body?

A

Constituent of phospholipids in cell membrane and essential for nerve function

66
Q

Name the compound in skin that is converted to cholecalciferol in the presence of sunlight.

A

Dehydrocholestrol

Feeds & Rations (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions