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Feeds & Rations > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

0
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium
Sodium
Potasium
Chlorine
Sulfur
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1
Q

What is a mineral?

A

An inorganic element required as a nutrient.

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2
Q

What are the microminerals?

A 
Manganese
Zinc
Iron
Copper
Selenium
Iodine
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3
Q

Where is most Ca and P found?

A

Teeth and bones

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4
Q

What is Ca involved with?

A

Energy metabolism, muscle contractions, and nerve signal transduction

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5
Q

What is P involved with?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabloism

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6
Q

How is vitamin D involved with Ca and P?

A

Functions in Ca and P absorption and in bone mineralization

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7
Q

What is rickets?

A

The primary sign of a Ca, P, or vitamin D deficiency characterized by spongy, poor mineralized bones.

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8
Q

Symptoms of rickets

A

Lameness, fractures, misshapen bones, death

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9
Q

What is rickets called in adults?

A

Ostemalacia

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10
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

A bone disorder in which bone mass decreases although mineral composition is normal

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11
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Develops from impaired calcium mobilization from bones

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12
Q

Where are Phosphorus deficiencies common?

A

Common in places where mineral levels in soil are low - South America

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13
Q

What is the optimum Ca:P ratio?

A

2:1

High ratio of P:Ca = secondary hyperparathyroidism

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14
Q

Sources of Ca

A

Limestone
Oyster shell
Dolomitic limestone

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15
Q

Sources of P

A

Rock phosphorus
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus excreted in feces

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16
Q

Where does 70% of Magnesium in the body occur?

A

Bone

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17
Q

What is Mg role in the body?

A

Mg serves as a cofactor of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and neuromuscular activity

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18
Q

Mg deficiency symptoms

A

Hyperirriatability, convulsions, muscle twitching, death

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19
Q

What is hypomagnesemia?

A

AKA grass tetany

Metabolic disease in cattle

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20
Q

Sources of Mg

A

Magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate

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21
Q

Prevention of hypomagnesemia

A

Provide mineral mixes, dust magnesium oxide of pastures, and Mg bullets - lodge in reticulum

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22
Q

What three minerals regulate electrolyte balance?

A

Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine

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23
Q

What is universally added to livestock feeds?

A

Salt - with out adequate water, salt toxicity may occur

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24
Q

What mineral do ruminants typically conserve?

A

Sodium - used if diet become deficient

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25
Q

How much salt should be in swine and poultry diets?

A

.25 to .5 percent

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26
Q

Are Potassium levels higher in grains or roughages?

A

Low in grains

High in roughages

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27
Q

What can increase potassium excretion?

A

Stress; diarrhea and dehydration also increase excretion

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28
Q

What do salt blocks contain?

A

Trace minerals, dewormers, anti bloat compound, protein

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29
Q

What is widely distributed in tissues as a component of other nutrients?

A

Sulfur

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30
Q

What are the sulfur amino acids and vitamins?

A

Methionine and cysteine

Thiamin and biotin

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31
Q

Where is sulfur found in the body?

A

Connective tissues

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32
Q

Inorganic sulfur can be derived from…

A

the metabolism of S-amino acids

33
Q

In ruminants, sulfur is required for…

A

Microbial synthesis of S-amino acids

34
Q

When should sulfur be supplemented?

A

When NPN is fed as a major portion of the diet because sulfur is made from dietary protein

35
Q

What role does Manganese play in the body?

A

Synthesis of connective tissues

36
Q

Deficiency symptoms of Manganese

A

Defective bone formation, perosis (slipped tendon) in poultry, reduced growth

37
Q

___________ have a high requirement for Mn.

A

Poultry

38
Q

Sources of Mn

A

Mn oxide
Mn carbonate
Mn sulfate - most common

39
Q

What is zinc’s role in the body?

A

Acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in nucleic acid and protein metabloism

40
Q

Symptoms of Zinc deficiency

A

Cell replication is impaired - shows in skin, GI tract, wound repair tissue, and repro tract

41
Q

Sources of zinc

A

Zinc oxide - mc
Zinc carbonate
Zinc sulfate - mc

42
Q

Zinc is most likely to be deficient in what diets?

A

Swine and poultry

43
Q

Why is zinc deficient in certain diets?

A

Phytate (high in corn and SBM) impairs zinc absorption

44
Q

Zinc is influenced by ___________.

A

Chelation

45
Q

What is a chelate and where is it found?

A

Found in zinc. Formed by the completing of a mineral element with an organic compound.

46
Q

What is a stability constant?

A

Strength of the bond between the organic molecule and the mineral in a chelate.

  • If high, the chelate will be stable and may bind the mineral in a unavailable form.
  • EDTA has high stability constant but is absorbable
47
Q

What species is hypocalcemia common in?

A

Common in dairy cattle usually after lactation begins (milk fever or parturient paresis)

48
Q

What is pica and what mineral deficiency is it associated with?

A

Phosphorus deficiency

- depraved appetite and animals consume wood or bone (can cause botulism), may impair reproduction

49
Q

What mineral is a constituent of metallo-proteins?

A

Iron

50
Q

What are some metallo-proteins and enzymes?

A

Hemoglobin and myoglobin

Peroxidase and catalase

51
Q

Iron fact.

A

Ferrous salts and sulfate are absorbed efficiently

52
Q

What is a good source of iron?

A

Meat

53
Q

What vitamin improves iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

54
Q

Symptoms of iron deficiency

A

Anemia and slow absorption

55
Q

What mineral is a constituent involved in iron metabolism?

A

Copper

56
Q

Symptoms of copper deficiency

A
  • Anemia
  • Hair deficiency - cofactor for enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin
  • Reduced growth
  • Aortic rupture - Cu has a role in collagen synthesis, collagen found in blood vessels
  • Abnormal bone formation
  • Ataxia
  • GIT disturbances - diarrhea b/c of malabsorption in intestines due to atrophy of villi
57
Q

Copper sources

A

Copper sulfate - less bioavailable
Copper oxide
Copper lysine - chelated form

58
Q

Where do chronic copper deficiencies occur?

A

In grazing animals in Florida, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America

59
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic copper deficiency?

A

Emaciation, diarrhea, depigmentation of hair, anemia

60
Q

Chronic copper deficiency can be due to an actual deficiency or _________________________________.

A

Interaction with molybdenum and sulfate in rumen

61
Q

Selenium and vitamin E interact to…

A

Prevent damage to cell membranes from peroxides

62
Q

What mineral is a component of glutathione peroxidases?

A

Selenium

63
Q

What mineral is a component of deiodinase?

What is deiodinase?

A

Selenium

Converts thyroid hormone to active form

64
Q

Symptoms of selenium toxicity

A

Causes blind staggers which are characterized by abnormal hoof and hair growth, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and death

65
Q

Symptoms of selenium deficiency

A

Muscular distrophy (white muscle disease)

66
Q

Areas that are deficient and toxic in selenium

A

Deficient: great plain states
Toxic: pacific states

67
Q

What is the dietary requirement of selenium in most species?

A

.1 ppm

68
Q

How is selenium added to most diets and in what form?

A

Added in salt mixtures, directly in the feed, in oral doses, or through Se bullets - in the form of sodium selenite

69
Q

What is the role of iodine in the body?

A

Acts as a component of thyroid hormones which regulate cellular metabolism

70
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?

A

Increase in metabolism, body tissues are oxidized which leads to emaciation

71
Q

What is hypoparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?

A

Metabolic and growth rate decreased

Iodine

72
Q

Symptoms of an iodine deficiency

A

Thyroid gland increases in size - goiter

73
Q

Why do we use iodized salt?

A

US has iodine deficient water and soil

74
Q

What can increase iodine requirements and why?

A

Goitrogens ( glucosinolates) interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland

75
Q

What is bioavailability of minerals?

A

Refers to their ability to supply minerals in a readily absorbable form

76
Q

What can improve the bioavailability of minerals?

A

Chelating agents

77
Q

What is a common source of both Ca and P?

A

Dicalcium Phosphate

78
Q

What is the cause of hypomagnesemia?

A

Lush pastures that are low in Mg and high in ammonium which binds to available Mg to form struvites in intestines.

79
Q

What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?

A

Tetany in neck and staggering gait

Give Ca and Mg injections to reverse

80
Q

Symptoms of a calcium deficiency

A

Impaired nerve and muscle function

Feeds & Rations (3 decks)

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