Minerals Flashcards
What are the macrominerals?
Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sodium Potasium Chlorine Sulfur
What is a mineral?
An inorganic element required as a nutrient.
What are the microminerals?
Manganese Zinc Iron Copper Selenium Iodine
Where is most Ca and P found?
Teeth and bones
What is Ca involved with?
Energy metabolism, muscle contractions, and nerve signal transduction
What is P involved with?
Carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabloism
How is vitamin D involved with Ca and P?
Functions in Ca and P absorption and in bone mineralization
What is rickets?
The primary sign of a Ca, P, or vitamin D deficiency characterized by spongy, poor mineralized bones.
Symptoms of rickets
Lameness, fractures, misshapen bones, death
What is rickets called in adults?
Ostemalacia
What is osteoporosis?
A bone disorder in which bone mass decreases although mineral composition is normal
Hypocalcemia
Develops from impaired calcium mobilization from bones
Where are Phosphorus deficiencies common?
Common in places where mineral levels in soil are low - South America
What is the optimum Ca:P ratio?
2:1
High ratio of P:Ca = secondary hyperparathyroidism
Sources of Ca
Limestone
Oyster shell
Dolomitic limestone
Sources of P
Rock phosphorus
Phosphoric acid
Phosphorus excreted in feces
Where does 70% of Magnesium in the body occur?
Bone
What is Mg role in the body?
Mg serves as a cofactor of enzymes involved in energy metabolism and neuromuscular activity
Mg deficiency symptoms
Hyperirriatability, convulsions, muscle twitching, death
What is hypomagnesemia?
AKA grass tetany
Metabolic disease in cattle
Sources of Mg
Magnesium oxide and magnesium sulfate
Prevention of hypomagnesemia
Provide mineral mixes, dust magnesium oxide of pastures, and Mg bullets - lodge in reticulum
What three minerals regulate electrolyte balance?
Sodium, Potassium, and Chlorine
What is universally added to livestock feeds?
Salt - with out adequate water, salt toxicity may occur
What mineral do ruminants typically conserve?
Sodium - used if diet become deficient
How much salt should be in swine and poultry diets?
.25 to .5 percent
Are Potassium levels higher in grains or roughages?
Low in grains
High in roughages
What can increase potassium excretion?
Stress; diarrhea and dehydration also increase excretion
What do salt blocks contain?
Trace minerals, dewormers, anti bloat compound, protein
What is widely distributed in tissues as a component of other nutrients?
Sulfur
What are the sulfur amino acids and vitamins?
Methionine and cysteine
Thiamin and biotin
Where is sulfur found in the body?
Connective tissues
Inorganic sulfur can be derived from…
the metabolism of S-amino acids
In ruminants, sulfur is required for…
Microbial synthesis of S-amino acids
When should sulfur be supplemented?
When NPN is fed as a major portion of the diet because sulfur is made from dietary protein
What role does Manganese play in the body?
Synthesis of connective tissues
Deficiency symptoms of Manganese
Defective bone formation, perosis (slipped tendon) in poultry, reduced growth
___________ have a high requirement for Mn.
Poultry
Sources of Mn
Mn oxide
Mn carbonate
Mn sulfate - most common
What is zinc’s role in the body?
Acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in nucleic acid and protein metabloism
Symptoms of Zinc deficiency
Cell replication is impaired - shows in skin, GI tract, wound repair tissue, and repro tract
Sources of zinc
Zinc oxide - mc
Zinc carbonate
Zinc sulfate - mc
Zinc is most likely to be deficient in what diets?
Swine and poultry
Why is zinc deficient in certain diets?
Phytate (high in corn and SBM) impairs zinc absorption
Zinc is influenced by ___________.
Chelation
What is a chelate and where is it found?
Found in zinc. Formed by the completing of a mineral element with an organic compound.
What is a stability constant?
Strength of the bond between the organic molecule and the mineral in a chelate.
- If high, the chelate will be stable and may bind the mineral in a unavailable form.
- EDTA has high stability constant but is absorbable
What species is hypocalcemia common in?
Common in dairy cattle usually after lactation begins (milk fever or parturient paresis)
What is pica and what mineral deficiency is it associated with?
Phosphorus deficiency
- depraved appetite and animals consume wood or bone (can cause botulism), may impair reproduction
What mineral is a constituent of metallo-proteins?
Iron
What are some metallo-proteins and enzymes?
Hemoglobin and myoglobin
Peroxidase and catalase
Iron fact.
Ferrous salts and sulfate are absorbed efficiently
What is a good source of iron?
Meat
What vitamin improves iron absorption?
Vitamin C
Symptoms of iron deficiency
Anemia and slow absorption
What mineral is a constituent involved in iron metabolism?
Copper
Symptoms of copper deficiency
- Anemia
- Hair deficiency - cofactor for enzyme that converts tyrosine to melanin
- Reduced growth
- Aortic rupture - Cu has a role in collagen synthesis, collagen found in blood vessels
- Abnormal bone formation
- Ataxia
- GIT disturbances - diarrhea b/c of malabsorption in intestines due to atrophy of villi
Copper sources
Copper sulfate - less bioavailable
Copper oxide
Copper lysine - chelated form
Where do chronic copper deficiencies occur?
In grazing animals in Florida, Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and South America
What are the symptoms of chronic copper deficiency?
Emaciation, diarrhea, depigmentation of hair, anemia
Chronic copper deficiency can be due to an actual deficiency or _________________________________.
Interaction with molybdenum and sulfate in rumen
Selenium and vitamin E interact to…
Prevent damage to cell membranes from peroxides
What mineral is a component of glutathione peroxidases?
Selenium
What mineral is a component of deiodinase?
What is deiodinase?
Selenium
Converts thyroid hormone to active form
Symptoms of selenium toxicity
Causes blind staggers which are characterized by abnormal hoof and hair growth, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and death
Symptoms of selenium deficiency
Muscular distrophy (white muscle disease)
Areas that are deficient and toxic in selenium
Deficient: great plain states
Toxic: pacific states
What is the dietary requirement of selenium in most species?
.1 ppm
How is selenium added to most diets and in what form?
Added in salt mixtures, directly in the feed, in oral doses, or through Se bullets - in the form of sodium selenite
What is the role of iodine in the body?
Acts as a component of thyroid hormones which regulate cellular metabolism
What is hyperparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?
Increase in metabolism, body tissues are oxidized which leads to emaciation
What is hypoparathyroidism and with what mineral is it associated?
Metabolic and growth rate decreased
Iodine
Symptoms of an iodine deficiency
Thyroid gland increases in size - goiter
Why do we use iodized salt?
US has iodine deficient water and soil
What can increase iodine requirements and why?
Goitrogens ( glucosinolates) interfere with iodine uptake by the thyroid gland
What is bioavailability of minerals?
Refers to their ability to supply minerals in a readily absorbable form
What can improve the bioavailability of minerals?
Chelating agents
What is a common source of both Ca and P?
Dicalcium Phosphate
What is the cause of hypomagnesemia?
Lush pastures that are low in Mg and high in ammonium which binds to available Mg to form struvites in intestines.
What are the symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tetany in neck and staggering gait
Give Ca and Mg injections to reverse
Symptoms of a calcium deficiency
Impaired nerve and muscle function
