Vitamins

Question 1

Vitamins are:

Answer 1

Organic compounds that are distinct from CHO, Lipid, and protein.
present in minute amounts
required for normal health and growth
responsible for specific deficiency if not present
generally not synthesized by animal

Question 2

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Answer 2

associated with lipid fraction
absorbed along with dietary lipids
stored in appreciable quantities in body
not excreted in urine

Question 3

Water soluble vitamins

Answer 3

not stored in large quantities
excess is rapidly excreted in urine
constant supply is generally required

Question 4

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

Answer 4

Vitamin A, D, E and K

Question 5

Vitamin A

Answer 5

Function: stimulate growth and maintain structure of epithelial tissue, essential compound in night vision, and promotes normal bone development

Signs of deficiency: exopthalmia(A specific), edema(A specific), abnormal bone formation, hemorrhages

Question 6

Vitamin D

Answer 6

Function: stimulates calcification of bone via metabolism of Ca and P, parathyroid hormone function, normal bone development

Signs of deficiency: reduced growth and bone development

can be activated by UV light

Question 7

Vitamin E

Answer 7

Functions: biological antioxidant, maintenance of cell membranes.

signs of deficiency: ascites, reduced growth, anemia, exopthalmia, depigmentation, fatty livers

signs of excess: liver necrosis and anorexia

Question 8

Vitamin K

Answer 8

Function: required for blood clotting

Signs of deficiency: homorrhages, anemia, prolonged blood clotting

Signs of excess: hemolysis of blood cells

Question 9

Vitamin C

Answer 9

Functions: collagen synthesis, formation of red blood cells, synthesis of adrenal steroids, and immunocompetence

signs of deficiency: anemia, broken back and reduced growth

Question 10

Thiamin (B1)

Answer 10

Functions: constituent of cocarboxylase (TPP) which is involved in oxidative decarboxylation and transketolation

Signs of deficiency: lethargy, convulsions, loss of equilibrium, reduced growth, and death

Question 11

Riboflavin (B2)

Answer 11

Functions: coenzyme of flavin nucleotides FAD and FMN involved in H transfer, constituent of various oxidase and reductase enzymes

Signs of deficiency: opaque eyes, anemia, hemorrhages, reduced growth, and short body dwarfism

Question 12

Pyridoxine (B6)

Answer 12

Functions: coenzyme involved in carboxylation, racemization, and transamination of amino acids, also involved in CHO and fat metabolism

Signs of deficiency: nervous disorders, hyperirritability, anemia, tetany and ataxia

Question 13

Pantothenic acid

Answer 13

Functions: constituent of coenzyme A and involved in acyl group transfer and lipid metabolism

signs of deficiency: clubbed gills, anemia, fin erosion and severely reduced growth

Question 14

Niacin (nicotinic acid)

Answer 14

Function: constiuent of pyridine nucleotides NAD and NADP and involved in hydrogen transfer

Signs of deficiency: tetany, loss of appetite, fin erosion, and death

Question 15

Biotin

Answer 15

Functions: coenzyme in carboxylation and decarboxylation reactions, involved in lipogenesis and protein metabolism

signs of deficiency: loss of appetite, skin lesions, altered coloration

Question 16

Folic Acid

Answer 16

Functions: coenzyme in single carbon metabolism (amino acid interconversions and methyl group synthesis), involved in synthesis of hemoglobin

signs of deficiency: altered coloration, anemia, and reduced growth

Question 17

B12 (cyanocobalamin)

Answer 17

Functions: coenzyme in numerous reactions including amino acid, protein, red blood cell and methyl group syntheis

Signs of deficiency: anemia, red blood cell fragility and reduced growth

Question 18

Choline

Answer 18

Functions: component of acetylcholine and lecithin and furnishes labile methyl groups: known as lipotrophic factor

signs of deficiency: fatty liver

Question 19

Myo-Inositol

Answer 19

No coenzyme
Functions: component of cell membranes and has lipotrophic action

signs of deficiency: skin lesions. poor growth