Vitamines Flashcards
in what is vitamine A soluble?
Vitmaine A is fat soluble
Under what other names is vitamine A known?
Retinol, Retinal and retinoic acid
What roles does beta-carotene play in the body?
A vitamine A precurser and an antioxidant protecting against disease
how are vitamine A contents in foods and in recommendations expressed?
as retinol activity equivalents (RAE)
how much is 1 RAE?
1 RAE = 1 microgram retinol or 12 micrograms dietary beta-carotene
What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamine A?
men: 900 microgram RAE/day
women: 700 microgram RAE/day
What is the upper limit (UL) of vitamine A?
3000 micrograms/day
what are the functions of vitamine A in the body?
essential to vision, healthy epithelial tissues and growth.
maintenance of the cornea, mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, reproduction and immunity
what are the significant sources of vitamine A?
Animal derived foods (liver, whole or fortified milk) provide retinoids
brightly coloured plant-derived foods (spinach, carrots, pumpkins) provide beta-carotene and other carotenoids
What diseases are caused by vitmaine A deficiency?
Hypovitaminosis A
what are symptoms of vitamine A deficiency?
infections (impaired immunity), (night) blindness, keratinization, Bitot’s spots, drying, softening or degeneration of the cornea, hyperkeratosis
What diseases are caused by vitamine A toxicity?
Hypervitaminosis A
What are symptoms of chronic vitamine A toxicity?
increased activity in osteoclasts causing reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects
What are symptoms of acute vitamine A toxicity?
Blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, increase in pressure inside the skull, mimicking of brain tumors, headaches, muscle incoordination.
What are the other names of vitamine D?
Calciferol (vitamine D) Ergocalciferol (Vitamine D2) Cholecalciferol (Vitamine D3 or calciol) Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)
What is RDA for vitamin D?
Adults: 15 micrograms/day or 600 IU/day (19-70yr)
20 micrograms/day or 800 IU/day (>70 yr)
What is the UL for vitamin D
Adults: 100 micrograms/day or 4000 IU/day
What is international unit (IU)?
In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance; the mass or volume that constitutes one international unit varies based on which substance is being measured
what are the functions of vitamin D inside the body?
Sends signals to 3 primary target sites:
the GI tract to absorb more calcium and phosphorous
the bones to release more
and the kindeys to retain more.
This maintains blood calcium concentrations and supports bone formation.
What are sources of vitamine D?
synthesized in the body with sunlight
most notably from Fortified milk.
others: margarine, butter, juices, cereals, chocolate mixes
veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish
What are diseases from vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets (bones fail to calcify normally, causing poor growth and skeletal abnormalities)
osteomalacia (grown up version of rickets, softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism)
What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
Rickets in children: inadequate calcification, resulting in mishapen bones
Osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults: loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle and deformed bones
What are diseases caused by vitamin D toxicity?
Hypervitaminosis D
What are symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?
Elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kindeys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)
in what is vitamin D soluble?
Vitamin D is fat soluble
What is another name for vitmine E?
Alpha-tocopherol
What is the RDA for vitamin E?
adults: 15 mg/day
what is the UL of vitamin E?
1000 mg/day
What is the function of vitamin E in the body?
acts as an antioxidant, defending lipids (poly unsaturaded fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A) and other components of the cells against oxidative damage.
What are significant sources of vitamin E?
vegetable oils, seeds and nuts.
What is the stability of vitamin E?
easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
What are deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?
red blood cell breakage(erythrocyte hemolysis), nerve damage
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?
augments the effects of anticlotting medication
What are other names of vitamin K
phylloquinone (vitamin K1)
menaquinone (vitamin K2)
menadione (in supplements)
What is AI?
Adequate intake: when there’s insufficient scientific evidence to determine an EAR (which is needed to set RDA) an AI is established.
AI reflects average amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes
What is EAR?
Estimated Average requirement: amount that meets the needs of about half of the population
what is the AI for vitamin K?
males: 120 micrograms/day
females: 90 micrograms/day
what are the functions of vitamin K in the body?
helps with blood clotting (synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins)
Why are newborns injected with vitamin K?
to prevent hemorrhagic disease
what are significant sources of vitamin K?
bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract (vitamin K needs cannot be met by this alone) liver dark green leafy vegetables cabbage type vegetables milk
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?
Hemorrhaging
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin K?
none known
how is vitamin K soluble?
fat soluble
how do vitamins differ from carbohydrates, fats and proteins?
structure: vitamins are not linked together
function: vitamins do not yield energy when metabolized
food contents: the amounts of vitamins people ingest from foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams, rather than grams.
how is vitamin B soluble?
water soluble
What is another name for thiamin
Vitamin B1
Name all the B vitamins
B1 (thiamin) B2 (riboflavin) B3 (niacin) B7/B8 (biotin) B5 (panthothenic acid) B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine) B9/B11(old) (Folate) B12 (cobalamin)
what is another name for vitamin B1
thiamin
What is the RDA for vitamin B1
men: 1.2 mg/day
women: 1.1 mg/day
What are the functions of vitamin B1 in the body
thiamin is part of co-enzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism
What are sources of vitamin B1?
moderate amounts in all nutritous foods, mostly in pork
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1
enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion irritability, anorexia, weight loss
what are the deficiency diseases of vitamin B1
beriberi (wet, with edema; dry, with muscle wasting)
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B1
none reported
what is another name for vitamin B2
riboflavin
What is the RDA for vitamin B2
men: 1.3 mg/day
women: 1.1 mg/day
what is the function of vitamin B2
part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (falvin adenine dinucleotide)
what is the function of FAD and FMN
both accept and then donate 2 hydrogens. during energy metabolism FAD picks up 2 hydrogen with their electrons from the TCA-cycle and delivers them to the electron transport chain
what are sources of vitamin B2
milk products, whole grain, fortified or enriched grain products, liver
what is the stability of vitamin B2
easily destroyed by ultrviolet light and irradiation
What are deficiency diseases for vitamin B2
ariboflavinosis, can result in stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth and lips) (painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and fissured lips (cheilosis), and inflammation of the corners of the mouth)
what are deficiency symptoms for vitamin B2
sore throat, crack and redness at corners of the mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammation
what are toxicity symptoms for vitamin B2
none reported
what are other names for vitamin B3
Niacin
nicotinic acid
nicotinamide
niacinamide
what is the RDA for vitamin B3
men: 16mg NE/day
women: 14mg NE/day
What are NE
niacin equivalents (60mg of dietary tryptophan is needed to make 1mg niacin by the body. a food containing 1mg niacin and 60mg tryptophan = 2NE)
what is the UL for vitamin B3
35 mg/day
what is the function of vitamin B3
part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (NAD’s phosphate form) used in energy metabolism
what are sources of vitamin B3
meat, poultry, fish, legumes and (enriched) whole grains
mushrooms, potatoes and tomatoes
what are deficiency diseases of vitamin B3
pellagra
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B3
inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first. Over time affected skin may become darker, stiffen, peel, or bleed.
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B3
painful flush, ives and rash (niacin flush). nausea and vomiting. liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance
what is another name for vitamin B7/B8
Biotin
What is the AI of vitamin B7/B8
30 micrograms/day
what is the function of vitamin B7/B8
part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis
(biotin delivers a carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate, replenishing oxaloacetate to keep the TCA cycle turning)
what are sources of vitamin B7/B8
widespread in foods (liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains) also produced by GI bacteria
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B7/B8
depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss
what are toxicity symptims of vitamin B7/B8
none reported
what is another name for vitamin B5
pantothenic acid
what is the AI for vitamin B5
5 mg/day
what are the functions of vitamin B5
part of coenzyme A(CoA that forms Acetyl-CoA) used in energy metabolism
what are significant sources of vitamin B5
widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B5
vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy; hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B5
none reported
what are other names for vitamin B6
pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine
what is the RDA for vitamin B6
adults: 1.3mg/day
what is the UL for vitamin B6
100mg/day
what is the function of vitamin B6
part of coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pridoxamine phosphate) used in amino-acid and fatty acid metabolism. helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin, helps make red blood cells
what are sources of vitamin B6
meats, fish, poultry, potatoes and other starchy vegetables, legumes, non citrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products
what is the stability of vitamin B6
easily destroyed by heat
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6
scaly dermatitis; anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, convulsions
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6
depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk and convulsion, skin lesions
what is another name for vitamin B9
folate
folic acid
folacin
pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)
what is the RDA for vitamin B9
adults: 400 micrograms/day
what is the upper limit of vitamin B9
adults: 1000 micrograms/day
what is the function of vitamin B9
part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation
what are sources of vitamin B9
fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver
what is the stability of vitamin B9
easily destroyed by heat and oxygen
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B9
anemia (large cell type) smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, shortness of breath, elevated homocysteine
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B9
masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms
what is another name for vitamin B12
cobalamin
what is the RDA of vitamin B12
adults: 2.4 micrograms/day
what is the function of vitamin B12
part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids
what are sources of vitamin B12
foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified cereals
what is the stability of vitamin B12
easily destroyed by microwave cooking
what are deficiency diseases of vitamin B12
pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis and a lack of intrinsic factor, not by dietary intake)
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12
anemia (large cell type) fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis, sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B12
none reported
what is choline
not defined as a vitamin but it is an essential nutrient commonly grouped with B vitamins
what is the function of choline
the body uses choline to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin
what is the AI for choline
men: 550mg/day
women: 425 mg/day
what is the UL for choline
adults: 3500 mg/day
what are deficiency symptoms of choline
liver damage
what are toxicity symptoms of choline
body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage
what are sources of choline
milk, liver, eggs, peanuts
what is another name for vitamin C
ascorbic acid
what is the RDA for vitamin C
men: 90 mg/day
women: 75 mg/day
smokers: +35mg/day
what is the UL for vitamin C
2000mg/day
what is the function of vitamin C
collagen synthesis (strenghtens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth) antioxidant, thyroxine synthesis, amino acid metabolism, stranghtens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron.
what are significant sources of vitamin C
citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes
what is the stability of vitamin C
easily destroyes by heat and oxygen
what are diseases of vitamin C
scurvy
what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin C
anemia (small cell type) atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint painl poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth, muscle degeneration, pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises
what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin C
nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, insomnia, hot flashes, rashes, interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones
