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understanding nutrition > Vitamines > Flashcards

Vitamines Flashcards

1
Q

in what is vitamine A soluble?

A

Vitmaine A is fat soluble

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2
Q

Under what other names is vitamine A known?

A

Retinol, Retinal and retinoic acid

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3
Q

What roles does beta-carotene play in the body?

A

A vitamine A precurser and an antioxidant protecting against disease

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4
Q

how are vitamine A contents in foods and in recommendations expressed?

A

as retinol activity equivalents (RAE)

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5
Q

how much is 1 RAE?

A

1 RAE = 1 microgram retinol or 12 micrograms dietary beta-carotene

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6
Q

What is the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamine A?

A

men: 900 microgram RAE/day
women: 700 microgram RAE/day

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7
Q

What is the upper limit (UL) of vitamine A?

A

3000 micrograms/day

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8
Q

what are the functions of vitamine A in the body?

A

essential to vision, healthy epithelial tissues and growth.

maintenance of the cornea, mucous membranes, bone and tooth growth, reproduction and immunity

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9
Q

what are the significant sources of vitamine A?

A

Animal derived foods (liver, whole or fortified milk) provide retinoids
brightly coloured plant-derived foods (spinach, carrots, pumpkins) provide beta-carotene and other carotenoids

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10
Q

What diseases are caused by vitmaine A deficiency?

A

Hypovitaminosis A

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11
Q

what are symptoms of vitamine A deficiency?

A

infections (impaired immunity), (night) blindness, keratinization, Bitot’s spots, drying, softening or degeneration of the cornea, hyperkeratosis

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12
Q

What diseases are caused by vitamine A toxicity?

A

Hypervitaminosis A

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13
Q

What are symptoms of chronic vitamine A toxicity?

A

increased activity in osteoclasts causing reduced bone density, liver abnormalities, birth defects

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14
Q

What are symptoms of acute vitamine A toxicity?

A

Blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo, increase in pressure inside the skull, mimicking of brain tumors, headaches, muscle incoordination.

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15
Q

What are the other names of vitamine D?

A 
Calciferol (vitamine D)
Ergocalciferol (Vitamine D2)
Cholecalciferol (Vitamine D3 or calciol)
Calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D)
Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)
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16
Q

What is RDA for vitamin D?

A

Adults: 15 micrograms/day or 600 IU/day (19-70yr)

20 micrograms/day or 800 IU/day (>70 yr)

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17
Q

What is the UL for vitamin D

A

Adults: 100 micrograms/day or 4000 IU/day

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18
Q

What is international unit (IU)?

A

In pharmacology, the international unit (IU) is a unit of measurement for the amount of a substance; the mass or volume that constitutes one international unit varies based on which substance is being measured

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19
Q

what are the functions of vitamin D inside the body?

A

Sends signals to 3 primary target sites:
the GI tract to absorb more calcium and phosphorous
the bones to release more
and the kindeys to retain more.
This maintains blood calcium concentrations and supports bone formation.

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20
Q

What are sources of vitamine D?

A

synthesized in the body with sunlight
most notably from Fortified milk.
others: margarine, butter, juices, cereals, chocolate mixes
veal, beef, egg yolks, liver, fatty fish

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21
Q

What are diseases from vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets (bones fail to calcify normally, causing poor growth and skeletal abnormalities)
osteomalacia (grown up version of rickets, softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism)

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22
Q

What are the symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?

A

Rickets in children: inadequate calcification, resulting in mishapen bones
Osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults: loss of calcium, resulting in soft, flexible, brittle and deformed bones

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23
Q

What are diseases caused by vitamin D toxicity?

A

Hypervitaminosis D

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24
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?

A

Elevated blood calcium, calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kindeys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints)

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25
Q

in what is vitamin D soluble?

A

Vitamin D is fat soluble

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26
Q

What is another name for vitmine E?

A

Alpha-tocopherol

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27
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin E?

A

adults: 15 mg/day

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28
Q

what is the UL of vitamin E?

A

1000 mg/day

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29
Q

What is the function of vitamin E in the body?

A

acts as an antioxidant, defending lipids (poly unsaturaded fatty acids [PUFA] and vitamin A) and other components of the cells against oxidative damage.

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30
Q

What are significant sources of vitamin E?

A

vegetable oils, seeds and nuts.

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31
Q

What is the stability of vitamin E?

A

easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

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32
Q

What are deficiency symptoms of vitamin E?

A

red blood cell breakage(erythrocyte hemolysis), nerve damage

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33
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin E?

A

augments the effects of anticlotting medication

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34
Q

What are other names of vitamin K

A

phylloquinone (vitamin K1)
menaquinone (vitamin K2)
menadione (in supplements)

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35
Q

What is AI?

A

Adequate intake: when there’s insufficient scientific evidence to determine an EAR (which is needed to set RDA) an AI is established.
AI reflects average amount of a nutrient that a group of healthy people consumes

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36
Q

What is EAR?

A

Estimated Average requirement: amount that meets the needs of about half of the population

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37
Q

what is the AI for vitamin K?

A

males: 120 micrograms/day
females: 90 micrograms/day

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38
Q

what are the functions of vitamin K in the body?

A

helps with blood clotting (synthesis of blood-clotting proteins and bone proteins)

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39
Q

Why are newborns injected with vitamin K?

A

to prevent hemorrhagic disease

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40
Q

what are significant sources of vitamin K?

A 
bacterial synthesis in the digestive tract (vitamin K needs cannot be met by this alone) 
liver
dark green leafy vegetables
cabbage type vegetables
milk
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41
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin K?

A

Hemorrhaging

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42
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin K?

A

none known

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43
Q

how is vitamin K soluble?

A

fat soluble

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44
Q

how do vitamins differ from carbohydrates, fats and proteins?

A

structure: vitamins are not linked together
function: vitamins do not yield energy when metabolized
food contents: the amounts of vitamins people ingest from foods are measured in micrograms or milligrams, rather than grams.

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45
Q

how is vitamin B soluble?

A

water soluble

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46
Q

What is another name for thiamin

A

Vitamin B1

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47
Q

Name all the B vitamins

A 
B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)
B7/B8 (biotin)
B5 (panthothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxamine)
B9/B11(old) (Folate)
B12 (cobalamin)
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48
Q

what is another name for vitamin B1

A

thiamin

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49
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin B1

A

men: 1.2 mg/day
women: 1.1 mg/day

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50
Q

What are the functions of vitamin B1 in the body

A

thiamin is part of co-enzyme TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate) used in energy metabolism

51
Q

What are sources of vitamin B1?

A

moderate amounts in all nutritous foods, mostly in pork

52
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B1

A

enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness, apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion irritability, anorexia, weight loss

53
Q

what are the deficiency diseases of vitamin B1

A

beriberi (wet, with edema; dry, with muscle wasting)

54
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B1

A

none reported

55
Q

what is another name for vitamin B2

A

riboflavin

56
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin B2

A

men: 1.3 mg/day
women: 1.1 mg/day

57
Q

what is the function of vitamin B2

A

part of coenzymes FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (falvin adenine dinucleotide)

58
Q

what is the function of FAD and FMN

A

both accept and then donate 2 hydrogens. during energy metabolism FAD picks up 2 hydrogen with their electrons from the TCA-cycle and delivers them to the electron transport chain

59
Q

what are sources of vitamin B2

A

milk products, whole grain, fortified or enriched grain products, liver

60
Q

what is the stability of vitamin B2

A

easily destroyed by ultrviolet light and irradiation

61
Q

What are deficiency diseases for vitamin B2

A

ariboflavinosis, can result in stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth and lips) (painful red tongue with sore throat, chapped and fissured lips (cheilosis), and inflammation of the corners of the mouth)

62
Q

what are deficiency symptoms for vitamin B2

A

sore throat, crack and redness at corners of the mouth, painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammation

63
Q

what are toxicity symptoms for vitamin B2

A

none reported

64
Q

what are other names for vitamin B3

A

Niacin
nicotinic acid
nicotinamide
niacinamide

65
Q

what is the RDA for vitamin B3

A

men: 16mg NE/day
women: 14mg NE/day

66
Q

What are NE

A

niacin equivalents (60mg of dietary tryptophan is needed to make 1mg niacin by the body. a food containing 1mg niacin and 60mg tryptophan = 2NE)

67
Q

what is the UL for vitamin B3

A

35 mg/day

68
Q

what is the function of vitamin B3

A

part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (NAD’s phosphate form) used in energy metabolism

69
Q

what are sources of vitamin B3

A

meat, poultry, fish, legumes and (enriched) whole grains

mushrooms, potatoes and tomatoes

70
Q

what are deficiency diseases of vitamin B3

A

pellagra

71
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B3

A

inflamed skin, diarrhea, dementia, and sores in the mouth. Areas of the skin exposed to either sunlight or friction are typically affected first. Over time affected skin may become darker, stiffen, peel, or bleed.

72
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B3

A

painful flush, ives and rash (niacin flush). nausea and vomiting. liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance

73
Q

what is another name for vitamin B7/B8

A

Biotin

74
Q

What is the AI of vitamin B7/B8

A

30 micrograms/day

75
Q

what is the function of vitamin B7/B8

A

part of coenzyme used in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism and glycogen synthesis
(biotin delivers a carbon to 3-carbon pyruvate, replenishing oxaloacetate to keep the TCA cycle turning)

76
Q

what are sources of vitamin B7/B8

A

widespread in foods (liver, egg yolks, soybeans, fish, whole grains) also produced by GI bacteria

77
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B7/B8

A

depression, lethargy, hallucinations, numb or tingling sensation in the arms and legs, red, scaly rash around eyes, nose and mouth, hair loss

78
Q

what are toxicity symptims of vitamin B7/B8

A

none reported

79
Q

what is another name for vitamin B5

A

pantothenic acid

80
Q

what is the AI for vitamin B5

A

5 mg/day

81
Q

what are the functions of vitamin B5

A

part of coenzyme A(CoA that forms Acetyl-CoA) used in energy metabolism

82
Q

what are significant sources of vitamin B5

A

widespread in foods; chicken, beef, potatoes, oats, tomatoes, liver, egg yolk, broccoli, whole grains

83
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B5

A

vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, apathy; hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to insulin; numbness, muscle cramps, inability to walk

84
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B5

A

none reported

85
Q

what are other names for vitamin B6

A

pyridoxine
pyridoxal
pyridoxamine

86
Q

what is the RDA for vitamin B6

A

adults: 1.3mg/day

87
Q

what is the UL for vitamin B6

A

100mg/day

88
Q

what is the function of vitamin B6

A

part of coenzyme PLP (pyridoxal phosphate) and PMP (pridoxamine phosphate) used in amino-acid and fatty acid metabolism. helps to convert tryptophan to niacin and to serotonin, helps make red blood cells

89
Q

what are sources of vitamin B6

A

meats, fish, poultry, potatoes and other starchy vegetables, legumes, non citrus fruits, fortified cereals, liver, soy products

90
Q

what is the stability of vitamin B6

A

easily destroyed by heat

91
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B6

A

scaly dermatitis; anemia (small cell type) depression, confusion, convulsions

92
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B6

A

depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to inability to walk and convulsion, skin lesions

93
Q

what is another name for vitamin B9

A

folate
folic acid
folacin
pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)

94
Q

what is the RDA for vitamin B9

A

adults: 400 micrograms/day

95
Q

what is the upper limit of vitamin B9

A

adults: 1000 micrograms/day

96
Q

what is the function of vitamin B9

A

part of coenzymes THF (tetrahydrofolate) and DHF (dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis and therefore important in new cell formation

97
Q

what are sources of vitamin B9

A

fortified grains, leafy green vegetables, legumes, seeds, liver

98
Q

what is the stability of vitamin B9

A

easily destroyed by heat and oxygen

99
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B9

A

anemia (large cell type) smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, shortness of breath, elevated homocysteine

100
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B9

A

masks vitamin B12 deficiency symptoms

101
Q

what is another name for vitamin B12

A

cobalamin

102
Q

what is the RDA of vitamin B12

A

adults: 2.4 micrograms/day

103
Q

what is the function of vitamin B12

A

part of coenzymes methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in new cell synthesis; helps to maintain nerve cells; reforms folate coenzyme; helps to break down some fatty acids and amino acids

104
Q

what are sources of vitamin B12

A

foods of animal origin (meat, fish, poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese, eggs), fortified cereals

105
Q

what is the stability of vitamin B12

A

easily destroyed by microwave cooking

106
Q

what are deficiency diseases of vitamin B12

A

pernicious anemia (B12 deficiency caused by atrophic gastritis and a lack of intrinsic factor, not by dietary intake)

107
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin B12

A

anemia (large cell type) fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis, sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation

108
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin B12

A

none reported

109
Q

what is choline

A

not defined as a vitamin but it is an essential nutrient commonly grouped with B vitamins

110
Q

what is the function of choline

A

the body uses choline to make the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the phospholipid lecithin

111
Q

what is the AI for choline

A

men: 550mg/day
women: 425 mg/day

112
Q

what is the UL for choline

A

adults: 3500 mg/day

113
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of choline

A

liver damage

114
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of choline

A

body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage

115
Q

what are sources of choline

A

milk, liver, eggs, peanuts

116
Q

what is another name for vitamin C

A

ascorbic acid

117
Q

what is the RDA for vitamin C

A

men: 90 mg/day
women: 75 mg/day
smokers: +35mg/day

118
Q

what is the UL for vitamin C

A

2000mg/day

119
Q

what is the function of vitamin C

A

collagen synthesis (strenghtens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides matrix for bone growth) antioxidant, thyroxine synthesis, amino acid metabolism, stranghtens resistance to infection, helps in absorption of iron.

120
Q

what are significant sources of vitamin C

A

citrus fruits, cabbage type vegetables, dark green vegetables, cantaloupe, strawberries, lettuce, tomatoes, potatoes, papayas, mangoes

121
Q

what is the stability of vitamin C

A

easily destroyes by heat and oxygen

122
Q

what are diseases of vitamin C

A

scurvy

123
Q

what are deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

A

anemia (small cell type) atherosclerotic plaques, pinpoint hemorrhages; bone fragility, joint painl poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth, muscle degeneration, pain, hysteria, depression, rough skin, blotchy bruises

124
Q

what are toxicity symptoms of vitamin C

A

nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, insomnia, hot flashes, rashes, interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

understanding nutrition (4 decks)

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